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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll GRIFFITH
VENTEENTB MEMOIR
THE ROCK TOMBS
OF
EL AMAENA
PART V.-SMALLER TOMBS AND BOUNDARY STELAE
BY
X. dk G. DAVIE8
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON
D AT
In* OFFICES OF THB EGYPT EXPLORATION ITNJ>, 87, Obkii Ri
and Pierce Buildeno, Coplev Square, Bosi
pail, TRENCH, tiut.xei: A d«i Rouai, 43, Qwou nv Soiro. W«
B. QUAR1TCH, ll f Grafton Strei Q Street, W.
I K t LS, i"« r Garden
asd HENRY FROVVDE, AMiiN Corner. ELC, and 01 and 93. In in Avenue. Nm tfoM-
190*
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
<^
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
SEVENTEENTH MEMOIR
THE KOCK TOMBS
OF
EL A MAR N A
PAET V -SMALLER TOMBS AND BOUNDARY STELAE
BY
N. de G. DAVIKS
• ••••••
• ••• •*••
» • • •
• • * • ••
•• • • <
• ••• •
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C.
and Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
and by KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W.
B. QUARITCH, il, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W.
ASUER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C, and 56, Unter den Linden, Berlin
and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C., and 9i and 93, Fifth Avenue, New York
190*
"bTsi
\j, n
1 -<i< -K »>.1
LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
T)UKF STIlEEr, MAM FORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET,
• • • • • • • •
• •••■■••• •
• • • ••
•••••• • _• • ••
,.• • ••• • • •
• • ♦••»•• •
• •• ••••••
, ••• • •••••
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
president
R G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., Dir.S.A.
lDice*pre0it>ent£
The Rt. Hon. The Earl op Cromer, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.S.A.
Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D.
The Rev. Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.
Prop. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.)
The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
Prof. T. Day Seymour (U.S.A.)
Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany)
Prof. G. Maspero, D.CL. (France)
Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia)
f)On. Creaeurere
H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. Edward R. Warren, Esq. (U.S.A.)
Don. Secretary
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
Aembere of
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. i
C. F. Moberly Bell, Esq. !
The Hon. J: R. Carter (U.S.A.)
Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.)
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.,
F.R.S.
Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.
Committee
Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGreoor, M.A.
Robert Mond, Esq., F.R.S.E.
The Marquess of Northampton.
Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Sir Herbert Thompson, Bart.
Mrs. Tirard.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C.
John Ward, Esq., F.S.A.
T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A.
E. Towry Whyte, Esq., M.A. F.S.A.
CONTENTS
List of Plates .
Chapter I. The Tomb of May.
A. Previous Work .
B. Architectural Features.
Exterior
Interior
Vault .
C Scenes and Inscriptions.
North thickness
South thickness
West Wall : South Side
D. Mav, the Official .
PAGE
vii
1
I
2
2
2
3
4
Chapter II. The Tomb of Any.
A. Architectural Features.
Exterior
Interior
Entrance
Corridor
Burial shaft
Shrine .
B. Scenes
C Personal .
D. Votive stelae
Chapter III. Small or Uninscribed Tombs.
Chapter IV. The Religious Texts.
A. Prayers by the deceased
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
B. Burial petitions
16
17
CONTENTS.
pter V. The Boundary Stelae.
PAGK
A. Their distribution
19
B. Their history and contents
.
20
C. Description of the Stelae , .
.
22
D. Previous work on the site
.
27
E. The earlier proclamation
28
F. The later proclamation .
.
31
Index
35
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
I'LATK
I.
IT.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
*XIX.
*xx.
•XXL
*XX1I.
•XXIII.
•XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
Tomb of May. Plan and section .
Section, column, and inscriptions .
N. thickness. The Royal family worships Aten
S. thickness and jambs
W. wall. The Quay of Akhetaten .
Tomb 16. Plan
„ Sections, etc.
„ Section. Tomb 23 (Any). Plan and sections
Tomb of Any. Shrine : left wall .
„ Shrine : right wall .
„ Outer jambs and graffito
Tombs 17 and 20. Plans and sections
Tombs 18 and 24 (Pa-aten-em-heb). Plans, etc.
Tombs 12, 25a and 19 (Sutau). Plans, etc.
Tomb 20. Lintel. Tomb of Sutau. Inscription
Tomb 22. Lintel. Tomb 21. Plan and sections
Tomb 22. Plan and sections
Tombs 7 c and 24a. Plans and sections .
Site of Tombs. Prayer of May
Figure and shrine of Any ....
Stelae of Pakha and Nebwawi
Stelae of Any-men and Thay
Stelae of Ptahrnay and Ay ....
Tomb 1(5. Interior .....
Stela l'. Lower part .....
Stela S
Collated text of boundary stelae
(cant i lined)
Stela K. Text .
„ „ (continued) .
Stela X. Text .
„ „ (continued) .
Stelae A and N. Fragments.
Stelae A and B.
Photographic Plates.
Closing lines
i\u;es
1,2
2, 4, 5, 16
2
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• 1, 3, 4
13
13
6, 7, 3, 13
8, 17
. 8, 9, 17
• 7,8,17
13, 14
14, 15, 18
12,
13, 14, 15
• 14, 17
14
14
12, 15
12, 16
7,8
9, 10
10
10, 11
19
27, 32, 33
22, 23, 26
20, 31, 32
• 32, 33
28,
29, 30, 31
• 30, 31
28,
29, 30, 31
30, 31
20,
22, 23, 25
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE
XXXIV.
•XXXV.
♦XXXVI.
♦XXXVII.
♦XXXVIII.
♦XXXIX.
♦XL.
♦XLI.
♦XLII.
♦XLIII.
♦XLIV.
Stelae A and U.f Fragments. Map of Akhetaten
Interior of Tomb 21. Hall of Ma v
May : N. thickness. Tomb 22. Stelae A and J
Stelae K and U
Stela K: lines 1-31
Stela S .
Stelae S and N
Site of Stela Q. Stela A .
Stelae Q and R
Stela A. {Dvawhttj Ly Hay)
Pottery. Fragments of Stelae. Site of Stela S.
PAGES
19, 20, 23, 24, 31, 33
2, 14
2, 14, 23, 24
24, 25, 27
28, 29, 30, 31
22, 23, 26
23, 25, 26
23, 24, 26
26
23, 24, 27
13, 23, 25, 26, 27
Photographic Platen .
t Wromjly lettered in the Plate.
THE
EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
PART V.
CHAPTEB I.
THE TOMB OF MAY (^ QQ ffi).
A. Previous Work.
The existence of this large tomb (No. 14) must
have been patent to visitors at all periods ; but
as the entrance was almost completely blocked
with sand, what was visible was extremely un-
promising, and the tomb was not cleared by
M. Bouriant in 1883. This task, however, was
carried out by M. Barsanti ten years later, and
M. Daressy published most of the texts of this
tomb of a " flabellifere," but not his name, for
he found it erased from the inscriptions. 1
B. Architectural Features.
(Plates i., ii.)
Exterior. — The approach which has been cut
through the rock-slope is not much broader than
the portal. The latter has the customary form
and decoration, but the surface of the lintel is
almost destroyed. It showed the usual dupli-
cated scene of the Royal family adoring Aten.
As may be gathered from fragments of the
north end given on Plate v., three princesses
and the Queens sister Mutbenret were included.
1 Bouriant, Deux jours de fouilles^ p. 8 ; Daressy, Re-
cueil, xv., pp. 38-41. The name, though defaced, was
picked out by me on the left jamb some years ago, as also
by Breasted independently. It is absolutely plain on the
South Thickness, and legible on the ceiling ; but the tomb
is still anonymous in Man. du Culte (TAtonou, I., pp. 71-77.
The inscription here apparently refers to the
retinue : " The royal followers after their multi-
tudes, attendants on the feet of their lord (?) . . ."
The name of the deceased, as well as his title of
" Royal Scribe " at the end of the columns on
the jambs, has been hacked out and the remains
have been covered over with tenacious plaster.
(The text will be found on Plate iv. and a trans-
lation on pp. 17, 18.)
Interior (Plate xxxv.). — Although the hall
as planned was ambitious enough, its present
appearance is very unattractive, less owing to its
unfinished state than to the blackness and filth
which overlies all the interior, except low down
' near the entrance where the, walls have always
been protected by the invading sand. This
grime is due largely, if not entirely, to the
countless bats which have housed here from
time immemorial, and still assert their ancient
privilege. But the state of the walls and columns
seems also to show that at some time when the
hall was filled with coffined mummies a fierce
fire broke out in this inflammable material ; for
a foetid atmosphere seems hardly able to ac-
count for the appearance of the tomb, and some
of the bones recently thrown out are certainly
calcined, but whether by the excavators or no I
I cannot say.
I The ceiling of the hall was intended to be
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
carried by twelve papyrus-columns ; but, as
usual, only those of the central aisle have been
given their final form (see Plate ii. for details of
the west column on the north side of the aisle).
The adjoining two in the west row merely show
the stems on the capitals ; the rest on the north
are even less advanced, while on the south one
is still a square pillar. Of the remaining two,
only the abaci have been detached from the
mass of unremoved rock which still fills this
corner of the hall to within a yard of the ceiling.
The usual features of this type of tomb are
to be found, though in an unfinished state, viz.,
the doubly-corniced door which was the promise
of an inner chamber, and the shrines for statues
of the deceased at each end of the nearest cross-
aisle. The door is undecorated and now much
mutilated. The North Shrine contains a standing
figure of May, which, though the merest bozzo,
allows his long wig and the fan of office over his
right shoulder to be divined. The north and
south walls of the hall are in the roughest state,
but it is evident) that the inner row of columns
at least was to terminate in pilasters of the
usual form. The unfinished pillar is still attached
to the side by a party-wall of rock, to which
a rough coping has been given in order to make
the best of the unremoved mass.
Vault. — A rough place of burial has been
provided by means of a stairway, which descends
in the north-east corner of the tomb and pene-
trates a short distance under the east wall. At
the nineteenth stair a level space leaves scanty
room for an interment. The lower half of the
pilaster has been cut away to give a wider
passage, showing that the staircase was not part
of the original design.
C. Scenes and Inscriptions.
(Plates ii., iii., iv., v., xix., xxxvi.)
The only mural decorations within the tomb
occur on both sides of the entrance and on the
south side of the west wall.
North Thickness.— (Plates iii., xxxvi) 1 . On
the left hand in the thickness of the wall of rock
the scene of the worship of the Aten by the Royal
family takes the main place, and below this was
the prayer and praying figure of May. The King
and Queen, who present the censer and libation -
vase to the sun from behind a laden altar, are
followed by three of their daughters and by Mut-
benret. The last is attended, as she is wont to
be, by her two female dwarfs, Para and Re-neheh. 2
The presence of this princess here has no special
significance. The subjects of the various walls of
tombs in this group seem to have been settled
by the example of Ay, who, as father of Nefertiti
and of Mutbenret, naturally included the latter
also in the Royal group.
The text of the prayer of May will be found
on Pis. ii., xix., its translation on p. 16. 3 It is
in excellent condition ; but the kneeling figure
of May has been remorselessly destroyed and
the space covered with coarse plaster. It can
just be seen that May was kneeling with right
hand uplifted and the left holding the fan over
his shoulder. Apparently he wore the festal
cap. His name, which occurred in the middle of
the inscription, has been similarly expunged, and
this hostility has been also shown to the mention
of his office of Royal Scribe and of some other
dignity, as on the jambs outside.
South Thickness. — The same evidence of a
fall from favour appears on the South Thickness
(PI. iv.), where May had another address of his
inscribed in five columns the full height of the
wall, and in shorter columns over a kneeling
figure. 4 In this case not only was the figure
overlaid (probably after defacement) with a
1 Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, Plate xxxii. The sky in the
scene extends over the doorway on the left hand, its end
resting upon the mountains.
2 Cf . Part II., pp. 13, 14, Part VI., Pis. xxvi., xxviii., xxxi.
3 Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, PI. xxxiii. A translation is
also given in Breasted, Records, IL, pp. 412, 413.
4 The figures shown in Plates xxxiii., xxxi v. of the above
work, though fictitious, since the original is invisible, seem
roughly to resemble the original attitudes.
THE TOMB OF MAY.
rough and most tenacious plaster, but the incised
hieroglyphs also were filled up. In part owing
to the different nature of the defacing plaster
they now assume the form of an inlay and are
legible; bat & large part 1 found quite obliter-
ated and had painfully to pick out the filling.
Sometimes this came away readily and left the
original sign clear, but often the process was
difficult and the resulting form uncertain. Some-
thing might still be done to improve the text,
and it may lie that the short columns can also
be recovered in part. (For a translation .see
below.)
West Wall: South Side. — This wall is the
only one inside the tomb which shows decora-
tion or is prepared to receive it. Even here the
scene is only traced in ink, and only preserved
as far up as the protecting bank of sand extended.
Fortunately the part saved is that which has
the most interest (Plate v.).
The scene seems to have been that of the I
reward of May at the balcony of the palace, but
the artist has deviated from the usual model
and has given a foreground to the scene. 1 The
palace, as we know, lay near the bank of the
liver, and this, with the Royal barges, landing-
stage and gardens, has been included by him in
his picture. Presumably the scene is as close to
fact as an Egyptian artist could make it, 2
In the background we see a colonnade running
along the river-front of the palace. A uraeus-
crowned gate having seven columns with open
papyrus-capitals on either (?) side of it forms the
entrance to the palace ; and from it two diverging
paths lead down the bank (in u sloping line there-
fore) to two landing-stages raised on piles and
i tnying uraeus- topped kiosks or fencing. At
one the barge of the King, at the other that of
1 I may be wrong in supplying columns here. The
jjortico would be on the nther side of the building.
- A fragment of a similar scene Is aniung the pieces in
Cain* Museum which came from the wreck of Akhenaten's
temple at Karnak. It shows uraeus-er owned gates, on
which \1<n ihddfl his rays, a tree in the sunshine, and a
man carrying oars.
the Queen, is made fast to mooring-stakes at
stem and stern, with a crowd of craft above and
below, .similar but simpler, to accommodate the
Royal household. On the foreshore the crews are
busy at work repairing the tackle, etc. To
the right lie the oars neatly lashed together, the
mast, the yards, the sails and the tackle. A
sailor is making a net in approved fashion, hold-
ing the end taut between his toes, while with
one hand and the other foot he extends the
edge on which he is working. His right hand
holds the netting- shuttle. Near him a man is
trimming the shaft of a paddle which a boy
holds steady for him. Elsewhere men are taking
oars from a pile or binding masts. Stands of
meat are shown also. Further up the bank
gardeners are busy removing bouquets and
foliage which they have been cutting for decora-
tions. The strip of ground between the palace
and the quay is thickly planted with palms,
leafy shrubs, clumps of papyrus and flowers ; and
on the eight a tree is seen, growing in a brick
holder, which is pierced with outlets for the
moisture.
The barges of the King and Queen are dis-
tinguished not only by their size, but by the
heads of their Majesties (the King wearing the
Atef-crown, the Queen the double plume), carved
at the top of the steering-paddles. Otherwise, the
two boats are similarly constructed. Along the side
runs a light hooped railing to prevent accidents.
On the deck there are three erections. At each end
is an open kiosk, the canopy of which is adorned
with uraei and supported on slender columns.
Whether they contain images or deck-seats for
their Majesties is no longer clear, but it may be
that the Queen and her daughters are to be
seen there on the after-deck of their boat In
the middle of each vessel is a much larger two-
storied construction. A cabin furnished with
side doors and windows is seen below. Above
this there is a covered upper-deck, reached by a
companion-ladder aft, which ascends under a
columned portico to a loggia exactly resembling
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
that of the palace. It would seem from the j
port-holes that there are cabins also in the hull. ,
Ribbons flutter from the columns, from the
steering-paddles and from the stern itself, and
all is light and gay as if designed for careless
hours.
This detailed picture by a contemporary towns-
man, of a spot which we can definitely locate
and visit, brings the far Past up before us with
rare vividness.
The picture is surrounded by a border of
yellow and red lines outside that shown in the
plate.
The tablets of the columns in the aisle still
retain traces of the red and black ink of their
design, showing the King, Queen, and at least
one princess, adoring to right and left of the Aten.
On the north half of the west wall are some half-
eftaced graffiti (Plate v.), 1 reading, perhaps,
" this piece (?) 2 days " ; " this piece (?) 5 days " ;
" year ii. . . ." (possibly the date of construc-
tion). The inscription on the ceiling of the hall,
if there was one, has perished. That in the
entrance is partly legible. (Plate ii. Transla-
tion on p. 18.)
D. May, the Official.
As the inscription on the South Thickness
(PI. iv.), which attempts to put into words
May's loyal attitude to the King, is, despite
all grandiloquence, a description of his career,
it is in place to insert it here. 2
"An adoration of Horakhti[-Aten, who giveth life; of
the King of South and North, living in Truth], Lord of
the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra-ua-en-ra, the Son of the
Sun, living in Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great
in his duration ; and of the heiress, great in the palace, fair
of face, gay with the two plumes, beloved of the Aten, the
chief wife of the King, whom he loves, Lady of the Lands,
Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.
(2) "The Bearer of the Fan on [the right hand of the
King] whom the King of the South hath enlarged
whose sustenance (or " whose Ka ") the Sovereign
1 Cf. ilfow. dn Ctdte iVAtonou, 1., p. 77.
2 76., Plato* xxx iv.
hath provided, one beloved by his Lord every day ; one
whose happiness comes (though) old age arrives and whose
body is hale (though) time passes ; one great in favour and
happy in [honours ?] ; one who followed [his] lord and was
the companion (?) 3 of his feet for life, whose love is stable ;
the Royal Scribe, Scribe of recruits, Overseer of the house
of Sehetep-Aten, Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On,
Overseer of the cattle of the temple of Ra in On, (3) [Over-
seer] of all [the works] of the King, Overseer of the soldiery
of the Lord of the Two Lands, May.
" [He says : * Listen] 4 ye to what I say, all men (lit.
"every eye") both great and small ; (for) I relate to you
the l>enefits which the Ruler did me. Then truly ye shall
say, " How great are these things that were done for this
man of no account ! " Then truly ye shall [ask] for him
(the King) an eternity of /w?d-festivals, an everlasting
I>eriod as Lord of the Two Lands. (4) Then truly shall 6 he
do for you [such as] he has done for me ; the God who
dispenses life !
4 " I was a man of low origin both on my father's and on
my mother's side, but the Prince established me. He
caused me to grow, he me by his bounty, when
I was a man of no property. He made my people to grow
in number (?) for me, he caused my (5) brethren to be many,
he caused that all my people worked 6 for me ; (and when) I
became lord of a town, he caused me to associate with
Princes and Companions (though) I had been one who
held the last place. 7 He gave to me provisions and
rations * every day, I who had been one that begged
bread. 9 He caused ' "
May held the rank or office of
1. Erpa prince.
2. Ha prince.
3. Royal Chancellor.
4. Sole Companion.
5. Scribe of the King.
6. Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the
Two Lands.
3 If we may emend to (I jur Cf. TIT., xxvii. ;
IV., ii.
4 Reading <=^ *$ C== ' '^ ^ V&
Read
Reading
II
Cf. II., p. 29. Read
4=Su
}°$
and lower down
* Emending to u ' ' | %
Reading ^ \ g J
I I I
THE TOMB OF MAY.
7. Overseer of the house of Sehetep-Aten. 1
8. Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On.
9. Overseer of the cattle of the temple of Ra
in On.
10. Overseer of all the works of the King.
11. Scribe of recruits.
12. Bearer of the fan on the right hand of
the King.
The two broken titles on the ceiling (PL ii.)
perhaps only repeat titles 6 and 10. If we are
to give full credit to this list, we must assign
to May a high place amongst those who early
threw in their full lot with the new ' Teaching '
and were entrusted with the highest adminis-
trative posts. The offices occurring immediately
before his name in the above inscription are
probably those which imposed definite duties,
while that of Bearer of the Fan, which he places
first, brought him most into personal contact
with the King. The post of Acting Scribe to
the King was in those times the most difficult
and responsible, and it appears to have been in
the discharge of its duties that he met sudden
disgrace and, not improbably, sudden death.
Life, however, if short for May, must have been
full of the sweets of successful ambition and the
satisfaction of well-rewarded activity. He became
one of those who entered most closely into the
friendship and projects of the King, and has set
down in lasting letters, as well as in charming pic-
ture, his pride in the hours of close companionship
with the King on the river in his splendid barge.
1 This house is mentioned on ostraca at El Amarna
(Griffith, in Petrie, T. A., p. 33, PI. xxii., Nos. 5, 19-22).
It appears to be the name of a royal person (" who appeases
Aten "), whether it be a rarely-mentioned appellation of
the King, or his father, or the Aten-name of some other
member of the Royal family. Breasted {Records, II.,
p. 411) supposes it to be a temple. The writing of the name
in the fourth column of the left jamb (PI. iv.) is a scribal
error (cf . the muddled spelling of Title 8 on the right jamb).
The Egyptian official was wont to find in his
rapid rise from low office and origin the greater
matter for pride. May glories in the fact that
whereas he had formerly begged his bread he
now associates with princes ; but Egyptian
sentiment was probably not so far different
from our own but that we may suspect that this
was a cause of his downfall. His degradation
was even more swift and absolute than his rise.
If the names both of his father and his mother
were of no account, the King now sought to blot
his out altogether from the book of life. We
cannot wonder, as we read May s lavish expres-
sions of gratitude, that Akhenaten took special ,
care to erase this biography, lest it should stand
as a satire on the favour of kings. It has been
the more pleasure to baffle May's enemies and
restore his name to history.
It is interesting to find that May had special
offices outside Akhetaten, but it is of course
precisely in Heliopolis that the jurisdiction of
the sun-worshipping King would be most readily
accepted. Our desire for information as to the
administration of the country from the new
capital is little advanced, therefore ; for it would
be rash to conclude from the mention of a
palace of Akhenaten in On that the King at
times resided there.
The depiction of three princesses in the tomb
shows that it could not have been inscribed
earlier than the seventh year of Akhenaten, and
the downfall of May probably occurred almost
immediately. It is possible that he was suc-
ceeded in his office of Overseer of soldiery by
Rames or Paatenemheb, as Overseer of works
by Tutu, as Fanbearer by Ahmes, and that his
honours as Erpa Ha Prince and Royal Chancel-
lor fell to Nekhtpaaten. But our knowledge of
the administration of Egypt is all too meagre for
anything but surmise.
CHAPTEE II.
THE TOMB OF ANY (^ ^ ()() $).
The position of this tomb (No. 23) will best be
learnt from the map (IV., xiii.). A broad road
leads to it from the river, marking out the spot
as the site of an important tomb. It was, how-
ever, not opened till 1891, when M. Barsanti
cleared this and other tombs of the Necropolis. 1
The tomb differs in appearance from all and
even in type from most others in the southern
group, and by its greater similarity to the
corridor tombs of the N. group it gives a
hint, confirmed elsewhere, of its later position
in the series.
A. Architectural Features.
(Plates viii., xi.)
Exterior. — The tomb is unique in the
Necropolis in regard to many details of con-
struction, all tending to tasteful finish and archi-
tectural decorativeness. The greatest innova-
tion, and one rare in rock tombs in Egypt, is
the provision of a portico outside. As this
convenience was well known in domestic as well
as in temple architecture, and the palace at El
Amarna in particular set an example of luxury
in this respect, it is not to be wondered at that
the Egyptians desired to furnish their " houses
of eternity" with it also. But the labour in-
volved rarely permitted this in the case of rock
tombs, and Any was able to gratify his finer
tastes only by restraining his ambitions in point
of size and complexity.
1 M. Daressy published the texts in the fifteenth volume
of the Recueil, pp. 42-45, and the whole tomb has been
included in Mon. dn Culte d'Atonou, Pis. xxv.-xxix.,
pp. 49-5G.
Even so, the architect was not able to do more
than indicate how pleasing was the design which
it was his intention to carry out As it stands,
the exterior is only a rough-hewn sketch which
the imagination must complete. The tomb being
set in a hill of very gradual slope, the approach
was never excavated. 2 One reaches the tomb
by a long flight of steps in a somewhat narrow
cutting, so that the fa9ade lies in an under-
ground area and is robbed of a great deal of its
effectiveness. The portico was not to be of the
usual type, extending across the frontage and
shading the door, but took the form of porches
on either side of the doorway, as if they were
the ends of a more extended colonnade. Al-
though this architectural feature is only touched
in, so to speak, the builders intentions just
emerging from the living rock below and around,
yet it is plain that the column which supports
the corniced architraves on either side was to be
the only one, being balanced, no doubt, by a
pilaster of the usual form in the rock- wall. The
narrow width of the hall inside would not have
justified a greater breadth outside. The walls
and floor of the excavation are left in the
uneven state which marks an abandoned enter-
prise, but in the wall under the portico on the
right will be seen three rounded niches, and
there is a similar one on the left. These niches
contained votive tablets of stone dedicated to
Any by his household, which fortunately were
still in place when the tomb was cleared,
2 The slope of the hill continues far beyond the limit of
the plan, so that an approach at the floor level would have
been quite feasible, and was no doubt contemplated.
and are now, with two others, in the Cairo
Museum, 1
The portal, which is of the usual form, has
also the customary scenes and inscriptions ; hut
the lintel, which showed the King and Queen,
followed by three princesses and by attendants,
offering to Aten on each side of a central altar-
table, is too weather- worn t<> be worth repro-
ducing. On the right hand the King and Queen
offer kkerp sceptres ; on the left, globular
vases (?). The faces of the Queen and of the
youngest princess are still fairly well preserved.
The flour jambs are not occupied by burial
petitions, but simply by a salutation of the
regnant powers, divine and human, three times
repeated on either side in Incised hieroglyphs
(Plate xl ; ef. I, xxxv.). The later form of the
cartouches of Aten is adopted here (ef. IV.,
p. 14). Beneath this on both sides are the
prayers and praying figures of Any. (For trans-
lation, see p. 17.)
Interior. — Tin* corridor to which the portal
gives entrunre creates a most pleasing effect,
for though the tomb had to be left almost
untouched as regards mural deeoration, yet a
complete finish was given to the tomb in other
respects, and in particular the cornice under
the ceiling and over the portal of the shrine,
with its bright baps of blue, green, blue, red,
gives an air of gaiety to the hall (Hate xx.).
The statue in its shrine, too, is sufficiently
perfect to create a true impression.
Entrance. — The decoration on the thickness
of the walls has been hastily yet neatly carried
out in crude colours. Affinity to the northern
tombs is again shown in the full-sized figures
of the deceased which occupy the walls ; that on
the right, strangely enough, being represented
as entering, white that on the left faces out-
ward. The whole wall is laid out in yellow
wash, and the pictures are surrounded by a
border of blue and red bands ; the square hole
fashioned on the left, to receive the door-bolt
when shot, being also neatly outlined The
enclosed space on the right occupies only half
the wall, so as to admit of the door being thrown
back. The figures are in solid red, the flesh
tints showing faintly when under only one thick-
ness of raiment. On the right hand (Plate xx.)
Any enters, carrying staff and nosegay and shod
with sandals, as if he had just been for a stroll
in the sunshine ami plucked some flowers on the
river bank. On the left, however, he stands
with upraised hands adoring the sun, an attitude
which befits the text inscribed in front of him
in black ink. It is a recension of the Shorter
Hymn to the Aten, but the upper part of the
lines is obliterated." The personal ending to
the hymn is as follows : —
i
U
See below.
= S^lTi)H " Th " to*"* of
the King, whom his lord loves, the favourite
whom the Lord of the Two Lands (?) created by
his bounty, who has reached the blessed reward
by the favour of the King, the acting scribe of
the King beloved by him. Scribe of the Altar
of the Lord of the Two Lands, Scribe of the
Offering Table of Aten for the Aten in the
temple of Aten in Akhetaten, 3 Steward of the
house of King Aa-kheperu-nu Any, blessed with
a good burial, says (it)." What is legible of a
short biographical notice in front of Any on the
opposite wall adds nothing to this.
On the vacant space on the right-hand wail a
figure has been scratched roughly in the plaster
with many strokes of a sharp point (Plate xL),
" J For text and translation see Vol IV., Plates xxxii.,
iiL, and pp. 28, 29.
J Thia may Ikj the building mentioned lu I., xxx. (p. tfljju
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
It evidently represents Any, for this, like other
well-preserved profiles of Any, shows a peculi-
arity which may have been a consequence of
age — a falling in, namely, of the upper lip or
a tightening of it on the teeth. The artist
apparently wished to practise Any's portrait or
to leave it as a guide to the decorators.
The ceiling has been squared out in readiness
to receive a pattern.
Corridor (Plate xx.). — Though the walls are
well finished, no trace of design is found on
them. The hollow cornice, bright with colour,
which runs along the sides under the ceiling
is in itself very decorative. This feature is
present besides only in Tomb 21. With us the
cornice is a familiar feature of house decoration,
but to the Egyptian it was known rather as a
form of wall-coping. Here it projects a little
beyond the spring of the slightly vaulted ceiling,
as if to suggest that the latter was a light canopy
resting on solid walls.
Burial-Shaft. — No chamber other than the
shrine being provided, the place of interment was
reached from a shaft in the floor of the corridor.
A door in the further wall of the pit admits to a
roomy chamber under the shrine, on the left-hand
(NE.) side of which is a second pit or shaft,
capable of being covered with slabs. The sand
remaining in this did not permit me to ascertain
its depth. In the back wall two little recesses
are cut which have evidently been used to set
lamps or candles in, and were probably intended
to serve this purpose either to the excavators or
to the spirit of the deceased. There is one also
on either side of the entrance to the chamber. 1
Shrine. — The portal to this is of the usual
corniced type, as if leading from the outer air.
It was decorated, but only in ink, and this has
so faded that we can only see that Any and
his prayers were to occupy the ends of the
1 Probably the chamber was used for later interments,
the original burial having been disturbed to make room for
them, for nothing of the burial equipment was found by
the French excavators, if we may judge by their silence.
lintel with the series of cartouches in the centre,
while columns of text occupied the jambs.
The shrine is almost filled with the rock dais
on which the chair of the deceased is set. This
is guarded in front by a little parapet neatly
finished on top with a rounded moulding between
flat edgings, and is reached by a flight of four
shallow steps. Despite the capital preservation
of the tomb, the statue has suffered considerable
damage. It retains, however, its general form,
and depicts Any in full wig sitting in a chair
with his feet on a high footstool.
B. Scenes.
(Plates ix., x.)
The walls of the shrine on either side are
decorated in colour in a very simple way, appro-
priate to the place. The sketch (which is mainly
in red paint) is very rough, and has been much
corrected by a more skilful hand in red line.
In each case Any, seated on a chair, receives
offerings at the hand of one of his servants
named Meryra. A mat is spread beneath his
feet. On the left wall Any helps himself from a
table piled with provisions, while Meryra appears
to be reciting the formulae which give them
efficacy, On the right wall Any is accompanied
by a lady, and holds the baton of office. Meryra
presents him with a cruse of ointment (?),
accompanying the act with many a prayer for
his happiness. The inscriptions above both
scenes are unfortunately almost indecipherable ;
the fragments exhibited, having been secured
with great difficulty, are offered with as much
reserve. (For translations see p. 17.) The
recipient is described as " the Scribe of the King,
beloved of his lord, [Scribe of the altar- table of]
the Aten, Scribe of the altar of . . . [Overseer]
of the works of the Lord of the Two Lands
in Akhetaten, [Steward of the] House of Aa-
kheperu-ra, who giveth life, Any, maakheru . . .
in peace." The lady who stands behind Any
(Plate x.) apparently survived him, for we read,
THE TOMB OF ANY.
"[His wife(?)] the lady of the house (?), A . . .,
says ... he ordered (?) for thee thy house of
eternity,"
C. Personal.
The six stelae reproduced on Plates xxi., xxii.,
xxiii., were found in this tomb when it was
cleared by M, Barsauti in 1891/ as the Museum
records show. They are of very exceptional
interest, and since no others have been forth-
coming on this site we may suppose that Any
especially deserved, and in marked measure won,
the regard erf his servants or friends* The donors
appear to have been for the most part small
officials, probably in his own sendee, with the
exception of his brother, who dedicates one of
the least pretentious of the stones. The little
monuments seem all to be the outcome of a
genuine affection which sought some means of
expression, though that of the charioteer may
fall in a different category. This impression is
deepened when we find the characteristic facial
features of the dead man reproduced with such
care upon them all. From this we gather that
Any was an old man, and had joined Akhen-
aten's enterprise late in life. It accords with this
that no other grave of the officials of Akhetaten
gives such sure indications of having been occu-
pied, and that his brother Ptahmay clung to his
binned name. A further evidence of Any's age
is that of his title of Steward of the House of
King Aa-kheperu-ra. As the reign of that kin^
(Amenhetep II.) would only carry us back about
fifty years, and the office might possibly con-
tinue, or even begin, after the kings death, there
is no reason why Any should not have seen four
kings on the throne of Egypt, or why one should
1 M. Dahebsy in his account (Becueil, xv., pp. 44, 45)
knows of only hve. That of (Ptah)may he reports to have
been found in the dibrig, implying that the other four were
discovered in their niches. Steindqrff has dealt fuJIy
with these four in A. Z. % 1896, pp. 63-69. I am greatly
indebted to M. Lacau for discovering the two lost stelae
in the Museum, and to Brugsch Bey for having them
photographed for this work.
search after other Royal person* of t his name win >*r
existence is more than doubtful. 2 That Anv«
life should extend so far back beyond days when
Egypt was troubled by religious schism would be a
new reason for the esteem in which he was held.
The death of Any probably did not take place
before the abandonment of the necropolis, for
the new form of the cartouches of Aten is
already Been on the outer door- jambs, which
would be the first part to be engraved. His
offices need not have entailed any great activity
on his part. Of his relationships or previous
career we know nothing.
D. Votive Stelae,
The six votive stelae referred to above are as
follows : —
L Stela uf Pakha a (Plato xxi).
On the left Any sits in a high-backed chair placed apOfi
a mat. His right hand holds a napkin or sash, his left is
laid upon a basket of provisions which stands before him.
Any, " blessed with goodly burial," is given his usual titles.
A man in official's garb who presents him with a bouquet
is identified by the inscription below: **The Overseer of
works, Pakha (^^ ^ ? ^1) ww al: A eru, made (it)."*
His prayer is —
->
Uf.-*-
e
>m
==!(?>
2 See Lkorain in Mm, du Culte d'Atvnou, pp. 53, 54,
The cartouche occurs also, I think, on a fragment from
Akhenaten's temple at Karoak (Cairo Museum). A frag-
ment from El Amarna depicted by Wilkinson in his
Moi&f% Etjtfpt* II- > p. 69, shows Akhenaten offering to
At en, and describes the god as dwelling in the midst of
the house of King Men-kheperu-ra {Thothmes TV.) in the
house of Aten in Akhetaten. If this is correct, it is easy
to admit a house of his predecessor also, whatever these
shrines (?) may have been.
3 No, 29745 in the Museum Journal Inscribed * ( Grotte
No. 24, Hag CandU. 26.10.91.* Height, 41 cm. ; breadth,
_!7 cm. This and the following stela* from their size, seem
to have come from the niches in the W« porch. SteinclorlF
reads the name as Pa-kharu, " the Syrian/ 1 Mon. du Culte
d'Atoimu, PI. xxvi,
4 Apparently Pakha sets maakheru, lt selig" after his name
in devout anticipation of his own day of death.
10
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
"Unto thy Ka! A bouquet of the A ten. May he
give to me breezes. May he knit thy limbs. Mayest thou
see Ra whenever he rises and adore him, and may he listen
to what thou say est."
2. Stela of Nebwawi 1 (Plate xxi.).
On the upper half Any is seen standing on the right
with staff and handkerchief. The scribe Nebwawi, dressed
very simply, and holding his papyrus roll, says to him
" Behold the ox as to which it was said : ' Bring it. 1 "
We are permitted to see the noble beast for ourselves ;
for, in a second scene, Nebwawi leads it forward, gay
with lotus flowers attached to a broad collar round its
neck
• n
coo
/WWW
&j
@
/WWW
I
.00 =
Nebwawi saith : * We (?) have seen the good things which
the good ruler has done to his Scribe of the Altar. He
has ordered for him a goodly burial in Akhetaten.' "
3. Stela of Any-men a (Plate xxii.).
"vA "The servant Any-men made (it) for the
/www ££ '
Royal Scribe Any."
On the left Any sits on a folding stool over which a
skin is stretched as a seat. Behind him is the latticed
door of the shrine in his tomb, and in front of him a table
spread with viands and flowers. Any-men extends to his
master a large jar " for the ka of . Any, maakheru"
^^ 15 EE e ^ 1 "T & <<Let wine *" p 011 ^
out for thee."
4. Stela of Thay 3 (Plate xxii.).
Unlike the other stelae, this makes no contribution to
the maintenance of the ka of Any, nor is it expressly
1 No. 29746, Inscribed as above. Height, 42*5 cm. ;
breadth, 28 cm. Mon. du Otrtte cTAionou, PL xxv.
2 No. 29747. Docketed as above. Height, 27 cm. ;
breadth, 23 cm. The little stela is carefully worked, and
the colour is still preserved, as well as the gold leaf which
overlaid the collar, armlets and bracelets. Portraiture
has evidently been attempted. Mon. du Quite (FAtonou,
PL xxvi.
3 No. 29748. Same docket. Height, 27 cm. ; breadth,
23*5 cm. An exquisitely-worked little stela in perfect
condition. It is coloured yellow, and has a blue rim and
blue hieroglyphs. The horses are red, as are also the panels
of the car and of the bow-case. The flesh is red, and Any's
hair and eye black. Mon. du Gulte d'Atonou, PL xxv.
devoted to him by any of his servants, though naming and
depicting " the charioteer of the Royal Scribe Any, Thay."
The subject is such as would suitably form a scene on the
' walls of the tomb, and it is not unlikely that Any, having
a just foreboding that these would never be executed,
caused this charming stela to be made as a provisional
decoration, and there is, in fact, a little space of this shape
marked out in ink low down in the centre of the right-
hand wall of the corridor. It may have been intended,
therefore, to set the stela up at this point. Never probably
had the aged Any had happier moments in his later
years than those which he or Thay here commemorates,
when he drove along the cleared road from the city to this
tomb which was being prepared for him by the order of the
King.
The little monument represents Any being driven in his
pair-horsed chariot by \J | | "^Tjlf ^f flfl '""T* " the
charioteer Thay." Any is in full gala costume. The
conical cap is on his long wig, a ring is in his ear, five
golden collars hang on his neck, and armlets and bracelets
adorn his arms. His face gives a most life-like impression,
and corresponds exactly to the other profiles which we
have. The head of Thay is probably also modelled from
life with more or less exactness. The inscription informs
us —
in
«aa*^=i2i.Li£Ti:j
"The Royal Scribe, etc., Any,
maakheru, (says) * I come in peace with the favour of the
King, who orders for me goodly burial, and grants that I
reach the guerdon (of the dead) in peace.' "
5. Stela of ... . May (Ptahmay J). 4 Plate xxiii.
Any sits on a chair on the left, holding a Jeherp baton
and kerchief. A table of provisions is before him and he
is being addressed (1 I *^w- 1|||1 (1(1 &n "by
his brother .... May, 5 " who carries a scribe's roll and
prays —
4 No. 29749. Same docket. The stela has lost its
lower scene, if it had one.
5 The signs before the name have been erased. One
would say that they had read D ? ( £== n 0(1) "Ptahmay."
The word " Ptah " would no doubt account for an erasure.
This name is common at Memphis, whence many of
Akhenaten's craftsmen would be sure to come, and there
are men of this name whose relations bear names so well
known at El Amarna as to offer tempting identifications,
THE TOMB OF ANY.
11
"May there be made for thee a dy hetep seten of bread,
beer, oxen, fowl and a libation of wine and milk.' 1 1
The faces of the two brothers are much alike, but the
work is less careful.
especially Ptahmay, father of Pa-aten-em-heb (Lieblkin
670; also ib. 2016). Daressy (Becueil, xv., p. 45) boldly
jumps the difficulty. Though " the Scribe May " Is not an
impossible reading, it would be too hazardous to seek an
identification with the owner of Tomb 14.
1 Prima facie " milk of the king " ; but the I must be
mistake for the determinative ^.
6. Stela of Ay 2 (Plate xxiii.).
Any sits on the left before a small stand with flowers,
his feet resting on a footstool. The stela was devoted
1^™1"k11 " by the 8ervant Af >" wh0
shown presenting a bouquet to Any. 3
of the Aten, who favours and loves thee ! "
m^m
u
I 1 I
"(For) thy ha! A bouquet
t
2 No. 29750. Height 23 cm. ; breadth 15 cm. A poor
little stela, but the face of Any still shows the familiar
features. Hitherto unpublished.
3 The reading sdm 'ash was proposed to me by M. Lacau.
12
CHAPTER III.
SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS.
In Part IV., Chapter II. , some general observa-
tions were made on the architecture and types
of tombs in the Southern Necropolis. It re-
mains to supplement this by more detailed notes
on the tombs separately. The official enumera-
tion, which starts with the most northern tomb
of the group, will be followed. 1
Tomb 7a. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.)
A small tomb, of the cross-corridor type, of which I
cleared only the entrance, as no trace of inscriptions was
found in the parts which are wont to receive them first.
The cornice outside is destroyed. The floor is still deep in
stone chips removed in trimming down the upper part of
the tomb. The aisle is, as usual, higher than the rest of
the corridor.
Tomb 7b. (i'6.)
This tomb adjoins the last and would probably have
resembled it within as well as without, but the interior
has been little more than attacked.
Tomb 7c. (Plate xviii.)
This is a much larger tomb, reaching the dignity of a
single row of columns and a roughly cut second chamber
and place of interment. But there are plentiful signs here
of haste and slovenly construction, and, as there is an
enormous pile of broken vessels of late date outside, it is
possible that the rough corridor beyond the hall and the
low chamber on the north are later additions. The facade
has suffered greatly, and as there was only a remote chance
of finding a name in ink on the outer jambs, I did not
attempt to remove the mass of sand outside. The door
was blocked up with bricks and stones, and loosely-built
walls of stone had been placed to keep the approach clear.
Inside only the upper part is finished. The columns and
the walls splay out near the ground and almost meet. 2
Of the four columns only the two of the aisle have been
given any decoration. The sharp rib of the eight imaginary
1 The map in Part IV. (Plate xiii.) should be consulted
for positions. Tombs 7 (Parennefer), 8 (Tutu), and 25
(Ay) will be described in Part VI. Plate xix. will give
some idea of the character of the site.
2 In consequence, the plan of the walls as given is taken
three feet above lowest floor-level.
papyrus stems is shown between the inserted stalks, and is
continued above the sheathing on the capital. 3 No trace
of inscription is visible.
Tomb 9a. (Part IV., Plate xxx.)
This little tomb also is unfinished inside. The facade
shows the usual portal, but is quite blank of any record.
Tomb 9b. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.)
This tomb is of the simplest type, the door being set in a
rough pit to which two or three steps descend. The front
shows no decoration. In the little chamber to which the
entrance admits there is a shallow burial-pit on the right-
hand side ; but I found it empty, though I appeared to be
the first who had cleared it.
Tomb 9c. (Part IV., Plate xxx.)
This is similar to the last, but the chamber within is no
more than a slight enlargement of a natural fissure. The
door is reached by a stairway ; but no doubt, had the tomb
been elaborated, this well would have been converted into
an open approach by the removal of the rock-slope in front.
Tomb 12. Nekht-pa-aten. (Plate xiv.) 4
This tomb, which was to have been of the same type as
Tombs 10 and 13, has only had its facade and entrance com-
pleted. Inside there is a small area of floor, and the upper
parts of three columns have been detached and remain as
square pillars of rock. Though this was but a doorway to
a projected tomb, the owner had laid claim to it ; for those
who excavated it found traces of three columns of hieroglyphs
in ink on both jambs outside. 5 The first column probably
contained an adoration of the Aten and of Royalty, the
second the prayer, and the third the titles of the official.
O I
The second column on the left ended with
-&£$; the
third ended with
This name can hardly be anything but
3 Above AB it is an inset of plaster only. On the
S. column the capital was made too short — a defect that
was probably rectified by plaster, now fallen away from
the neck.
4 Having neglected to plan this tomb, I have given here
the sketch plan of M. Gautier (Man, du Cults d y Atonou y I.,
p. 81). The scale is ,£ , not -fa as marked.
6 Daressy, Becueily xv., p. 38. The same spelling, and
the inscriptions after the first sign, are confirmed by Petrie
from notes made six months later.
SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS
o
an erroneous writing for Nekht-pa-aton, though supported
hy the corresponding text on the right jamb # ^ a?v U
No trace of this inscription now remains.
The owner of this unprepossessing sepulchre, then, was a
man of the highest rank, an rrpa and A<i-prince, chancellor,
and vizier. It might lie conjectured that he was a man of
modest prospects, and, being suddenly ennobled on the
downfall of May, astutely profited by that lesson and
avoided ostentation, like Apy and Raines, Most probably
these three officials were deprived of more stately tombs by
the deplorable quality of the rock at this point.
Tomb 1G. (Plates vi., vii., viil, xxiv.) 1
Haul tli is tomb been completed, it must have ranked as
OM Ol the finest rock-hewn burial-places in Egypt, and
fortunately the great hall is sufficiently complete to allow
the fancy to supply what is lacking. Unlike tin- r<
the tombs, it faces eastwards. The cornice of the outer
portal is lacking, and the approach has never been com-
pletely hewn through the rock -slope. But as BOOB as one
enters the hall, blank even of a graffito, but with walls as
yet unstained and smooth, 2 its spaeiousne» and the grace
of its slender columns make ample amends. One wonders
at the feverish energy and courage which could, as if by
I magic wand, change this spot in the vast dead wilderness
of rock ink* a hail of subtle grace and mystery, and then,
before the toil could well serve any purpose, hasten away to
new enterprises, as far in motive as in distance from the
world of busy life and human needs.
Columnah Hall.— The great hall ifl 53 tool long, W
feet wide, II feet high. Hy setting the tomb low down,
the architeet g*V6 thickness to the roof and could almost
ignore its weight. He supported it, therefore, on twelve
columns, which by their comparative utimmwe and free
spacing arc more than usually plofurinff Only the four
columns of the central aisle (Plate xxiv.) and those of the
south aide of the first cross-aisle are in any measure carried
out. The rest are in the state of incompleteness shown by
two columns in the Sim Lion, Plate viih (cf. Plate xxiv.).
( hi the more finished columns the inserted bunches of stems
are not separated below the capital, nor divided into three
above it. 3 A capriciou feature, is the introduction of
three ribs on each of the eight stems, thus dividing each
stem into four, a feature which is carried a step further in
Tombs 6, 25, 7c. The tablets are, as usual, so set as to
face the visitor as he walks down the aisle. Each of the
1 The heading of Chapter viii. of Mm. du Quite d'Atonmt,
which should have treated of this tomb, is the only part
applicable to it, the appended plan and description being
both borrowed from an entirely dissimilar tomb, No. 13.
1 But this is not likely to last, unless the kindly sands
a^ain intervene to protect the tocnb ; tec eountless l>ats
make a home in it,
3 They were divided, but the divisions were afterwards
filled up with plaster.
two rows of columns terminates in square pilasters, furnished
with base (generally hi » rough state), roll, cornice, and
abacus.
Wall-dk< K 'k ati on.— The breaking up of the extensive wall
surfaces is one of the most pleasing elements of the arch iter
lure. The mode was suggested by the need for providing
■ shrine or shrines which the deceased, represented by his
sitting statue, might occupy at his ease. These were set
provisionally at each end of the first cross-aisle ; then in
succeeding aisles, if such were provided ; and in the back
wall of the main hall or of the further chamber. Each one
was furnished with a corniced door-frame, and in lofty
halls a superstructure, itself I urnished with a cornice, was
added above the door. Hence the wall at both ends of
each aisle of this tomb is corniced, yet in different ways.
In the nearest aisle the cornice is double ; probably an
entablature would have intervened. In the second there is
a single cornice set lower down ; no door, however, is yet
hewn out. In the third the single corniee is at the roof,
and the door was to be correspondingly raided run I reached
by a little flight of steps, protected by a low ramp. The
door in the back wall also is adorned with a double cornice
with intervening open work, on the ink design of which
latter a Iwginning has been mad© with the chisel* This
diversity of application of the same feature is both striking
and successful, and it is still further exemplified in the case
of the Southern Shrine (Plate vii., Section on AB). Here
(lie lower cornice (which is ejpjgifee and fixed in a rebate)
is interrupted over the doorway and its place taken by a
rectangular slab(?) t the setting for which alone remains.
Whether it was sculptured or inscribed, or indeed was
-applied, cannot be determined.
Admtioval Cham reus.— The two shrines in the first
O TOtti a ilte eon tain rou^h block > of tone which were to
be transformed into sitting statues. The room to which
the West Dow gttfO entrance is only just begun, but
the work done indicates a low chamber with slim, thickly-
elustered columns. Perhaps the tomb was needed hur-
riedly for burial ; for the owner did not wait for the
inner room to he completed, but excavated a long flight of
in the south-west corner of the hall, which, turning
completely on itself in its descent, ended in a small landing
and an unfinished burial chamber, twenty-six feet below
the Root of the hall.
Tomb 17. (Plate xii.)
This little tomb presents no interesting feature, except
that, being apparently undisturbed, it showed sherds and
jx>ttery lying in a layer upon the original drift &and. a
4 We shall meet with this decoration in the tomb of
Tutu, which is of very similar type (Part VI., PL xiii.).
1 The small pot with a foot and the saucers shown in
Plate xliv. came from this tomb. The tall jar is said to
have been found in 1 ivatioB of these tombs, having
been preserved since then in the house of a guard. The
fragments I picked up on the site. All the above seem
H
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
Tomb 18. (Plate xiii)
This tomb is of the direct corridor type, like the tomb of
Any j but tlie corridor is of the shortest. Yet simple as the
hall is and neatly finished off above with a ridgepole roof,
the back part is still shapeless rock for a third of its height.
So soon as a tomb was within measurable distance of com-
pletion, Akhenaten or bis architects seem to have Inst all
interact in it. In this case the shrine which was to be ex-
cavated at the end of the corridor is little belter than a hole.
Nevertheless, as in so many other cases, an inscription was
written on the left jamb of the outer door* and even cut
for half its length. The lower half, with the name and
titles of the deceased, is lost to us, but the rest (now injured
by thieves) contains the opening of the salutations. A
translation is given on p, 18.
Tmub 19, Bl tai; (1 % q C ^ ^j) (Plates xi v., xv.).
Tins tomb, which is of the same type as the last, but ha.s
a vaulted roof, is still more incomplete both without and
within, and even the little loculua for burial high up in the
south walJ is probably a later provision. Yet so hopeless
was the owner of seeing further progress made, that he
prepared to commemorate himself and bis king on the only
finished wall-space in the entrance. Here on the left hand
he caused the usual design, showing the Royal Family at
worship, to be traced in ink ; but this has now almost
disappeared. Beneath this his own figure and his prayer
were copied in thick black ink, and this has come down to
us in a fragmentary state, preserving to us little more than
his name, Sutau, Overseer of the Treasury {Plate xv* •
translation on p. 17).
Tomb 20. (Plate xii)
The approach to this tomb has not t>een carried through
to the outer level, and this incompleteness foretells the
state of the interior. The door-framing, however, is in
order, and its lintel has received the only effort at decora-
tion that was made (Plate xv.). Not that even this con-
ventional design of the adoration of A ten by the Royal
family was carried to a finish. The sculptor abandoned it,
and by some caprice of his the figures of the Queen and
her three daughters have been omitted on both sides. 1 The
one princess who is visible is the Queen's sister Mutbenret ;
she seems to have been fan-bearer to the Queen, for she
always carries a fan*
to be of Eighteenth Dynasty types, but the heaps of sherds
outside the chief tombs appear to be chiefly of quite late
forms, These, I suppose, were thrown out by the ex-
cavators, and were already broken for the most part.
Professor Petrie, in a note, describes Tomb 16 as con-
taining *' burials in palm-sticks, coffins, etc.," and this was
also the case doubtless in the other tombs. Most of these
remain* were destroyed, I believe, by the excavators ; but
some probably were taken to Cairo, and may yet be iden-
tified and dated ,
1 Perhaps three sculptors were engaged on the scene
simultaneously.
Inside, the cross -corridor has been roughly excavated,
and measures have been taken for carrying the hall farther
back, leaving a row of four columns in the centre. That
the latter were projected is shown in addition by a rough
sketch of a column in red ink on the west wall, 5 feet high.
Tomb 2L (Plates xvi, xxxv.)
Leaving the little bay of low rock where only unpre-
tentious tombs were admissible, we come to a hall which, if
unsightly, affords a unique architectural feature. There is,
as usual, a rough approach through the rock-slope to a
portal which is uninscribed, equally with the interior. 3
After the cross-corridor had been hewn and shrines with
double-corniced portals set at the ends, the central aisle
was run out and a single row of three columns arranged n >r
and partly detached on either hand. (The greater part of
the mass has been removed from behind them on the west
side, but on the other a beginning only was made under
the ceiling.) The square shape of the room, which allows
a greater number of columns in the depth than in the
width, is an innovation for the outer hall (cf . IV., xxxviii.).
It is more surprising to End the longitudinal architrave
arrested at the first column, and furnished with a cornice
(Plate xxxv.). The effect is in itself pleasing, yet bewilder-
ing ; for it can only give the suggestion of colonnades in an
open court. This idea is supported by the provision of a
cornice to the entrance on the inside, as if it were a gateway
in an outer wall. It would certainly be permissible to
regard this part of the funerary chapel as a colonnaded
court with private rooms opening out of it ; but it is more
probable that the owner of Tomb 21 was struck with the.
novelty which his neighbour Any had provided in his
corniced portico, and, without regarding its significance,
adopted it as an internal feature of his tomb. The cornice
is carried round to the side walls, where the architraves
rest on pilasters of the usual type ; but in the aisle it lias
not yet been completed past the second column on either
side.
Tomb 22. (Plates xvi., xvii., xxxvi)
This tomb is similar in external appearance to the last,
but the interior conforms to the usual type of columnar hall.
The shape is oblong, admitting two rows of four columns
each. Of the first row only two are detached and given
their approximate outline. The rest have only acquired
their abaci or are still to be formed by the removal of the
rock. The ground-plan shows little space cleared beyond
the cross-corridor ; but near the ceiling the central aisle is
carried out to its limit, and there the cornice of a door
gives promise of a further room or shrine in the axis.
A fragment of the design has been carried out on the
tint el of the facade, and shows the King, Queen, and three
daughters worshipping Aten, and the Queen's sister in
attendance (Plate xvi,),
3 The visitor will seek in vain for the figure and text
assigned to this tomb in Mon. du Culte d f Atonou t I., p. 60.
Both come from the tomb of Huya at Et Til (III., xxxvii.).
SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS.
15
0g1-r«=U
Tomb 24. Pa-aten-em-heb
^JlOD. ( piatoxiii ->-
This is only the entrance to a tomb, for it has progressed
no further. Even the approach has not been hewn out, so
that one descends to it by rough steps. It is now destitute
of any record ; but, when first excavated, the ends of the
columns of inscription, written in ink on the jambs, were
visible and furnished us with the name of the too sanguine
owner. He was named Pa-aten-em-heb, and was a Royal
Scribe, Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the Two
Lands, Steward of the Lord of the Two Lands, and Over-
seer of porters in Akhetaten. 1
Tomb 24a. (Plate xviii.)
tliis again is only an entrance to a tomb and is without
inscription.
1 The authorities for the inscription are Daressy, Re-
cueil, xv,, p. 45, Boubiant, Mon. du Culte cPAtonou, I.,
p. 47, and notes by Petrie. I have bungled my sketch,
and the title
given by M. Daressy in the second
column of each jamb should certainly be accepted. The
inscription was sculptured,, according to Petrie. The last
title is likely to be a misreading for " Overseer of works,"
but compare III., pp. 8, 9.
Tomb 25a. (Plate xiv.)
This tiny chamber was excavated in 1883, and those who
saw it in earlier years report traces of illegible inscription
on the jambs. The name, however, though written in ink
only on the right jamb at the end of four columns of lost
inscription, is still almost legible. 2 On the right jamb the
upper parts of four columns of the praises of Aten are
partially preserved. (1) " Life to the divine and sovereign
Father, Horakhti-Aten, who gives life for ever and ever,
the living and great Aten within the sed- festival "
(2) " the Aten (?) Lord of Existence, the Lord who
brings Eternity, Lord of Everlasting, who flourishes . . . ."
\ <=> w I I I
(4) " Praise to thee, O living Aten who illuminest heaven (?)
with thy rays (?) "
On the lintel, and on a fragment fallen from it, is found
part of the usual scene. The King, Queen, and three
princesses were adoring Aten from behind altar-stands. I
did not clear the chamber anew.
3 It seems to read
or something similar.
16
CHAPTEE IV.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
As before, I divide these prayers into two classes
— those placed in the mouth of the deceased, and
those prayers of the dy hetep seten type displayed
on the door-jambs or the ceiling in short for-
mulas, with a view to convenient recitation by
visitors for the benefit of the spirit.
A. Prayers by the Deceased.
1. May. North Thickness. (Plate ii.)
Previous notices are : Daressy, Becueil, xv., pp. 38-9 ;
Mori, du Culte d'Atonou, PI. xxxiii. ; a translation by
Breasted from his own copy, Becords, ii., p. 412.
" An adoration of Horakhti-Aten, who gives life for ever
and ever, (of the) King of South and North, who lives in
Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., (2) the Son of the Sun, who
lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A., great in his duration,
(and of the) chief wife of the King, whom he loves, Lady
of the Two Lands, rich in love, N., who lives for ever and
ever.
(3) " Thy rising is beautiful on the horizon of heaven, O
living Aten, who dispensest life ! Shining on the eastern
horizon of heaven, thou fiUest the Two Lands with thy
beauty. Thou art bright, great, gleaming, high above all
the earth. As for thy rays, they (4) embrace (all?) the
lands, to the extent of all that thou hast made. Thou art
as the sun ; thou bringest their sum 1 and subjectest them
to thy beloved Son.
"Thy ray 8 are on thy bright image, the Ruler of Truth
who proceeded from eternity. (5) Thou givest to him thy
duration and thy years ; thou hearkenest for him to all that
is in his heart (because) thou lovest him ; thou makest him
like the Aten — him thy child, the King of South and North,
N., who proceeded from thy rays. He has made for thee
Akhetaten, (a city) very rich (6) in love, possessing favour,
abounding in wealth, within which is the bounty of the
sun. Men rejoice to see her beauty. She is adorned and
comely ; she is seen as a glimpse into heaven. Her extent
is not compassed ; the Aten dawns in her and fills her with
his rays.
(7) " (So also) he (" his heart " ?) embraces his Son, his
beloved, a Son of Eternity, who proceeds from Aten, and
1 Alliteration of * sun ' (Ba) with * sum ' (ra).
(who) administers the land for Him who set him on His
throne, and makes the land belong to Him who made
him. Every land makes festival at his rising. They
assemble, making offerings to his ka, to the Aten when he
rises on the horizon each morning.
(8) " (When) his son presents Truth 2 to thy fair face, there
is rejoicing. Thou lookest on him, for he proceeded from
thee and thou hast granted to him (to be) a King like the
Aten, (he) Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra. May there be life
and health such as the Aten (has) !
"The hereditary crpa-prince and Aa-prince, Royal
Chancellor and Sole Companion, (9) . . . , acting Scribe of
the King, beloved of him, Commandant of the soldiery of
the Lord of the Two Lands, Overseer of the House of
Sehetep-Aten, 3 [May].
" He saith ' I (am) a servant of him who fostered him,
punctilious for the Lord of the Two Lands, serviceable to
his lord. I set truth in my inward parts ; falsehood is my
loathing, (10) for I know that the Son of the Aten, N.,
rejoiceth at it. He multiplies towards me my favours like
the number of the sand-grains. I am the first of the elders,
the chief of the Behhyt. (11) My lord promotes me because I
do his teaching. I hearken to his voice unceasingly ; my
eyes see thy beauty day by day — my lord, sapient like
Aten, contented with truth !
" How prosperous is (12) he who hearkens to thy teaching
of Life. May he be made content by the sight of thee and
reach old age !
" Do thou give to me fair burial as a gift of thy bounty
in the tomb which thou commandest for me to repose there
(in) the cliff of Akhetaten, (13) the seat of the elect. O thou
multitude of Niles, pouring forth waters daily, N., my god,
who created me and by whose bounty I live !
"Thou causest me to be content in following thee un-
ceasingly. (14) O thou whom Aten bare, thou art to
Eternity ! O thou multitude of prayers (?), Ua-en-ra, how
he (?) prospers who follows thee ! (15) Thou shalt grant to
him that all that he doeth abide eternally. (16) Then
shall his lord give him (?) burial (17) ; (for) his mouth holds
truth."
3 Or "offerings." But the spiritual oblation seems to
have been typified by a votive tablet (IV., p. 19), so that
the reference may be to this.
3 Probably the residence of some member of the Royal
family. See note, p. 5.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
17
2. Sutra. North Thickness (Plate xv.).
Previous copy : Mon. du Unite (VAtonou, PL xxx. 1
" . . (i) Ua-en-ra . ...» (10)
serviceable to the Father (?). Do thou grant to me (?) my
eyes to see thee (11). . . those who hear thy voice (?) T
the King of the South and North, who lives in Truth , Lord
of the Two Lands, N., (12) Son of the Sun, A., [great in his
duration,] and the chief wife of the King, whom he loves,
Nefertiti, who lives for ever and ewi .
(13) "The Overseer of the Treasury, [Sutau, says] . . . .
my lord(?), who made me into a man. Thou fosterest
me (14) by thy bounty, though I was of no account, [en-
larging (?)] me and building me up, Ruler ! Thou settest
me (15) at the head of the daily with work-
men „...,«.. exceedingly [numerous (?)], 3 (16) saying
unto me : ' Do (1) . . so that (when) I call to
one of ten, answer (thou) at (17) the order/ O Ruler . . . ♦
. . . . production {?). Thou madest me Overseer of the
Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands, Servant of Him-
who-is-great-m-his-duration, (18) the King's [Keeper (?)] (19)
of silver, gold, unguents, (20) oils, gums, (21) ........ (22)
a courageous man (?), thy favourite hand servant (?), the
Overseer of the Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands,
Sutau."
3. Any, Left Door Jamb. (Plate xi.)
Previous copy of the Jambs : Mm* du Quite d'Atonou*
PI. xxvii
"Praise to thee, O living Aten, lord of rays, Creator of
light. When he dawns all men live. May he grant a life
happy with the sight of his beauty, and good burial in
Akhetaten.
"For the ka of the Scribe of the King, the Steward
Any , m a aklt e rn^
4. Any. Right Door Jamb. (Plate xi.)
"Praise to thee, O living Aten, lord of duration, who
givest repetition (of Life), lord of Fate, who fosterest ....
.... May he grant a sight of Aten as often as he rises,
and that thou adore him. May he listen to what thou
say est and give thee breezes to thy nostril. 3
" For the ka of the Serine of the King, the Scribe of the
Altar of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Steward Any,
maakheru"
5. Any. Shrine. Left Wall. (Plate ix.)
" May est thou receive offerings 4 [of the King s gift (?)]
[at] every shrine of thine, that thy name
may flourish [in the abode] which thou Invest (?}. May
1 Cf. Darbsby, Reeueil, xv., p. 50,
a ^"^ may be conjectured.
3 £) | is omitted in the pkte. See Mon. du CulU
d'Atonou, L, p. 52.
4 Emend to Compare III,, xx., a very similar
prayer, by help of which we are able to elicit the meaning
of this fragmentary text.
each generation that is to come (?) [address thee J, May
thy name not be to seek [in thy house], since thou art a
son [to whom is made (?)] B a dtf hetep seten of thy bread and
thy beer of thy [house], wine of the house (?) which has
been ottered in the Presence and [water] from thy sluice (?).
* 4 The servant and agent of the Royal Scribe Any, moa-
kheru, Meryra. M
6. Any. Shrine. Right wull. (Plate x.)
U
since thou art one of the King has ordered (?)
for thee goodly burial (in) the cliff of Akhetaten, [and a
mansion of] eternity (I) In which thou art, thy shrine for
thy ka.
"... the servant and agent of the Royal
Scribe Any, maakheru, Meryra."
B. Burial Petitions.
L May. Left Jamb, (Plata iv.)
Previous copies of both jambs: Man. du Gufte d'Atou e.
PI. xxxi. } Daaksst, ltrettril, xv. r p. 41.
Col. 1. [Adoration of Horakhti-Ateu, the King and
Queen.]
Col, 2, M [A dtf hetep $eten of the Aten, living and great,]
dwelling in the aed-festival, Lord of heaven and earth, who
illuminates the Two Lands, May he grant that I see his
beauty day by day and that his rays be spread upon my
body.
M For the ka of one who greatly gratifies his lord ; one
to whom all manner of words are said that he may lay
them before the Lord of the Two Lands ; Bearer of the
Fan on the right hand of the King, Acting Scribe of the
King, beloved by him, May, maakheru"
Col. 3. *' [A dtf hetep seten of the ha of the King, living
in Truth], Lord of the Two Lands, N., who gives life for
over,
M May he grant good burial by command of his ka in the
demesne of Akhetaten.
"For the ka of the unique one, excellent in the
presence of the Lord of the Two Lands, one who fills the
ears of Horus with Truth, the Overseer of the soldiery of
the Lord of the Two Lands, Acting Scribe, etc."
Col. 4. M [A dy hetep seien of the ka of the King, who
lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A.], great in his duration.
<4 May he grant ingress and exit in the King's house,
with favour of the good god, until the coming of the goodly
guerdon.
"For the ka of him whom the King promoted for his
excellent achievements, whose success made his position,
the Overseer of the House of Sehetep-Aten, the Acting
Scribe, etc."
* Or M in which thou art. May there be made for thee "
(cf. Plate x,).
6 Read v\ %>
18
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
Col. 5. " [A dy helep seten of the Chief Wife of the King,]
whom he loves, Lady of the Two Lands, Nefertiti, living
for ever and ever.
" May she grant her favour firm and fixed and that the
body be provided with joy of her giving.
" For the ka of the attendant of the King in his splendid
barge, he who is sent after the Lord of the Two Lands,
Overseer of all the works of the King, the Acting
Scribe, etc."
2. May. Right Jamb. (Plate i v.)
CoL 1. This column and the opening phrases of the others
are as on the left jamb.
Col. 2. " May he grant a sluice of water and a scent of
wind, a reception of favour l in the presence of the Lord
of the Two Lands.
"For the ka of the favourite of the good god, one
advanced in office in the King's house, Bearer of the
Fan, etc."
Col. 3. " May he grant life, prosperity and health, and
readiness in the presence of the Lord of the Two Lands,
and a life happy with the sight of the beauty of each
(recurring) sun 2 without intermission.
" For the ka of one great in his office, high in his rank,
a noble by whom the heart is gratified, Overseer of the
soldiery, etc."
Col. 4. " May he grant happy recollection (of him) in
the King's house and continuance in the mouth of his
courtiers.
" For the ka of the unique one, approved in the heart of
his lord, one whom he recognised as doing serviceably,
Overseer of the House of Ua-en-ra in On, [Acting Scribe,-
etc.]"
1 The sculptor began to write snw, " a reception of food
from the Presence," and corrected it to four.
2 Or, perhaps, " his beauty every day."
Col. 5. "May she grant an entrance of favour and an
exit of love, and gladness of heart in Akhetaten.
" For the ka of one who was a favourite of the King of
the South when he was a youth and who (now) has reached
the goodly guerdon, the Bearer of the Fan on the right
hand of the King, [the Acting Scribe, etc.] "
3. May. Ceiling Inscription. (Plate ii.)
Middle Column. " An adoration of thee (?) when thou
dawnest on the horizon, O A ten, Horus(?) of the two
horizons (Horakhti). Let there be no failure to see Ra;
open thy two eyes to see him ; may thy corpse be firm and
thy name established "
North Column. " For the ka of the
Overseer of [works] in all [the land], Overseer of the
soldiery (?) of the Lord of the Two Lands (?), May."
4. Tomb 18. Left Jamb. (Plate xiii.)
Copy by Bouriant, Mission Frarqaise, i., p. 368. 3
Col. 1. "Life to the Divine and Sovereign Father,
Horakhti-Aten . . . ."
Col. 2. " Praise to thy 4 ka, O living Aten, according to
that which thy son says to thee ; he who proceeded from
thy body, thy child who knows thee and extols thee . . . ."
Col. 3. " Praise to thy ka, O Ruler of Truth who (art)
eternal like Aten, thriving and living and conducting 6
things to which the living Aten has given birth . . . ."
Col. 4. " Praise to thy ka, O great royal wife of Ua-en-
ra, tall in the plumes and gleaming in apparel (?), charming
of voice in the palace . . . ."
3 The text, which was never completely engraved, now
lacks also the upper part.
4 Read ^Z^* with Bouriant. The plate has followed an
erroneous reproduction of Bouriant's copy in Mon. du Quite
d'Atonou, p. 129.
6 I follow Bouriant, who read
inscription was damaged.
n
before the
19
CHAPTEE V.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
A. Their Distribution.
The Boundary Stelae of Akhenateu tie in the
semicircle of hillfl which surround the plain of
El A mania on the vnM side of the river and in
the hill* facing this on the west {Plate xxxiv.).
Fourteen are now known ; three (A, B, F) 1 being
on the west side and eleven on the east 2 The
three stelae on the western mountains seem to
be the northernmost, midmost and southern-
most on this side, where the extent of cliff suit-
able for such monuments is very limited. Pmb-
ably no more were hewn there. Of those on the
east side we seem to possess the most northerly
in X ; for it lies beyond the plain at a point
where two narrow tracks into the plain diverge,
one keeping to the river-bank, the other tra-
versing the mountains. Its position on the
spur of the hills is accurately described in the
phrase. fc * the headland of the Northern Stela "
(X, line 42). A line joining A and X represents,
then, the north boundary of the district of
Akhetaten : it faces several degrees east of
magnetic north, perhaps the true north of that
day. 3 A parallel line, however, drawn from F,
1 I adopt the lettering initiated by Professor Petrie
(Tell el Awama, pp. 5, G, Plate xxxiv.), who by his inde-
fatigable energy in this district in 1891-2 added so much
to our knowledge, and, by the interest which he excited,
l>ecame in no small measure responsible for the present
Mffifli of volumes. His unpublished materials also have
always been unreservedly put at the disposal of otln.-r
workers, and I shall have to acknowledge my indebtedness
to him in several instances.
1 cannot admit that L should be included. It is a
little tablet, about 5 feet by 3 feet, retaining only a trace
of inscription, find having no resemblance to the other
monuments. It may not even be of this period.
3 In these discussions of position 1 urn entirely depen-
dent on Prof. Petrie's map.
southernmost on the west side, does not pass
through J, the southernmost on the east bank
of the river, but almost exactly through P, which
lien further south in the desert road behind the
mountains. A parallel line through B passes
through V, an obliterated stela near the mouth
of the defile through which the mountain -path
from X enters the plain. 4 These stelae, then — A,
B, F and X, V, J (or P) — -seem to represent the
six landmarks (northern, southern and middle,
on both banks) mentioned in the text (p. 34).
Three of the stelae on the east bank date
from an earlier year and contain a special text,
viz.. X (the northernmost), M (at the southern
limit of the plain), and K (a few hundred yards
south of M, on the river road, where every
vestige of cultivation now ends for many miles).
K (first series) and J (second series) seem to
represent a wish to include in the district of
Akhetaten some length of the approach to
Akhetaten by the river bank, so balancing X
cxuctlv. 5
The rest of the known stelae are distributed
unequally and their sites are fixed with more or
less obvious intentions. J, if not already fixed
on the river bank as the Southern Stela, was
needed to make known the later form of the
proclamation to travellers entering Akhetaten
hv this route : P, Q, R, S draw a chain erf
4 It would have been at the mouth, no doubt, but for
the desire to place it exactly opposite (east of) B.
5 X and M seem then to have been the first stelae to he
fixed, K soon after replacing M a* the South Stela. Later,
P was made on the mountain-road, and from X and P (or J)
the positions of A and F were determined on the western
mountain. The site of B was fixed on because no such
bold cliff offers itself further to the south on this side.
From it the position of V was taken.
20
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
■i.;
information across the wide valley in which the
mountain roads from the south run : N lies in
the middle of the mountain-wall south of the
plain, U similarly on the east, near the entrance
to the ravine where the Royal tomb is hewn and
which is also a back-way into Akhetaten.
The eleven later stelae contain the same pro-
clamation, and as the copies differ only in
spelling and in the addition or omission of un-
important phrases, the text is now completely
restored by collation (Plates xxvii., xxviii.). The
stelae A and B on the western bank make an addi-
tion at the end of the usual text (Plate xxxiii.).
It is possible that a few more stelae have
perished or remain to be discovered ; but, as the
limits seem now to have been found, only a
copy of the earlier and sadly-injured proclama-
tion could add much to our knowledge. 1
B. Their History and Contents.
When Akhenaten (or Amenhetep-neter-heqa-
Uast, as the orthodox knew him) came to El
Amarna (probably in the second year of his
reign), having decided to found a new capital
here which should at least prove a counterpoise
to Thebes 2 and form a soil where the worship of
Aten could flourish in purity, uncontaminated by
older traditions and without being overshadowed
by a more imposing cult, he must have set about
1 I have personally visited and made notes of, or com-
pletely copied, all of them, according to their importance,
except Stela F. This is almost or completely sanded up,
and, in spite of the kind assistance afforded me by
M. Lefebvre and his officials, could not be found by the
native guards. This, combined with the inhospitality of
this remote spot, drove me back on two occasions, after
making planned efforts to reach it. Fortunately, Professor
Petrie copied all that remains of it, and as my visit
could have added but little to the information he gives,
I am almost glad that this stela must remain to his credit
alone, since no one can appreciate the fatigue involved
in beating the bounds of Akhetaten but he who has
essayed it.
2 We have not sufficient material at present to enable
us to form any just idea of the position Thebes took during
this reign.
his project with enormous energy and initiative.
Apparently he did not wait for the completion
of his designs, but planned out a whole series of
temples, palaces, and tombs in advance, carrying
out their most essential features to begin with.
It may be that even at the end of his reign the
great temple lagged far behind the pictures of it
which the tombs display, and we have already
seen the feverish haste in which sepulchral halls
were laid out and then abandoned because the
workmen were needed to push forward other
schemes. The same procedure probably governed
the foundation of Akhetaten, for we find that at
the end of the King's fourth year 3 he could
describe Akhetaten as containing numerous
temples, palaces, and royal and private tombs. 4
On the 4th day 6 of the 8th month of the 4th
year the King made a public appearance and
held a great ceremony of dedication, but neither
the place of the ceremonial nor the exact scope
of it is now clear. If it was not the ceremony
of dedicating Akhetaten itself as well as of
officially marking its boundaries, it probably
took place on the anniversary of that event.
3 Professor Petrie's story of the reign is largely governed
by the rejection of this date of the early stelae, which,
though not absolutely certain, is vouched for by the
presence of one daughter only, by the peculiar form of the
Queen's name, and by the contents, which show plainly
that, at that time, only the Stelae K, X (or M, X) were
projected. Moreover, the date " Year 4 " occurs again in
the body of the text, though, unfortunately, in a dubious
connection (1. 20). The oil- and wine-jars dated to the
second and third years, therefore, may not need to be
assigned to Akhenaten's successor (Griffith, in Petrie's
T. A., p. 32). If Akhenaten by the fourth year had
definitely abandoned his old name, the adoption of the
new titulary would in itself be a sufficient reason for the
erection of these three stelae.
4 I take the wording of the proclamation (K, col. xi.) to
refer to projects already taken in hand, even if their full
completion was still a thing of the future. If the King
was a mere boy, this and much else must be reconsidered.
6 It may well be "the 13th day," and so allow the
ceremony which the later stelae describe to have taken
place on the second anniversary of the first. The pro-
cedure on both occasions was so similar that the earlier
phraseology could be closely followed.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
21
After a great sacrifice bad been made (in the
city?), the King proceeded to the site of one or
all of the stelae. There he assembled the
dignitaries of the land and recounted to them
how that he had founded Akhetaten in this
spot in obedience to a divine message which hud
come to him personally, Atcn had chosen this
place for his Worship without a rival, and the
Royal pair were to reign for him over the whole
of Greater Egypt ; for the A ten was god also >f
all the known lands. Then the King, lifting his
hand to heaven, made a solemn vow that he
would not remove Akhetaten from the exact
bounds marked out by the stelae on the north
and .south of the chosen district, and that the
city would be confined to the east bank of the
riven By settling in this formal way the limits
of the new enclave on which the duty of sup-
porting the worship of Aten in Akhetaten was
to fall, the legal burdens on the land were fixed
and security given to tenure. The proclamation
informs us also what had been accomplished or
undertaken by the King. The list includes at
least five temples built to Aten in the city of
Akhetaten or on its island, palaces for himself
and his Queen, a Royal tomb which he commands
shall be the burial-place of himself, his wife, and
his daughter, wherever they may chance to die, 1
and sepulchres for the Mnevis-bull (the incarna-
tion of Ra of Heliopolis), 2 for the high -priests of
Aten 3 and the M Divine Fathers" of Aten, and
1 The tomb in the ravine where Meketaten was buried
is therefore almost certainly the tomb which the King
intended to be the resting-place of himself and his family.
The early death of his daughter may have rendered an
■Iteration of the original plan advisable. But the pre-
sumption is that the King also died suddenly, and was
buried here. It would be no wonder if, under the eircuin-
stances t the walls failed to be suitably inscribed.
3 This interesting and surprising reading, which I
could wish were a little more assured, I owe to the Editor.
:{ The tomb of Meryra, in the K. group, is the only one
known to come under this head, and its decoration at least
seems to be of a later date, though it may have been pro-
jected from the first, or have replaced an uninscribed tomb
in the S. group. Ay was not a M Divine Father " of Aten.
for other officiants (?)♦ Then, in a few words, we
have what seems to be a brief relation of the
evils which had led to the religious reformation.
So little is known of Akhenaten's activity in Nubia
beyond what the ruins of the temples of Sedeinga,
Soleb, and Sesebe disclose, that wc must regret
the loss of the connection in which the land of
Kush b mentioned (K, line 25). The proclama-
tion closes with regulations for the festivals of
the Aten arid for the upkeep of the temples
by dues. This recital, comprising the royal
oath and decree, were engraved on the three
boundary-tablets K, X and M; but before
the task was quite completed (probably well on
in the 5th year) Meketaten had been born to
the King, and her figure was inserted on the
Southern Stela, K.
On or about the second anniversary of this
proclamation another oath was taken in public
by the King/ The limits of the district of
Akhetaten had now been marked out, not only
on the river, but also on the desert sides. Six
(additional?) stelae were to be engraved, giving
the side-boundaries of Akhetaten in new and
more exact terms : one to north, one to south,
and one between these on the mountain ranges
on both sides of the river.
From the description given (S, line 9) it would
seem that the King made his oath at the site of
the Stela J, 1 Afterwards he seems to have
visited the Northern and Middle Stelae on the
east side (S, lines 14, H>, 17).
On the given date — 6th year, 8th month,
4 See note 5 on page 20.
& "South-east" can mean in the stela the southern
point on the east side {cf. S, line 16, where " the NE,
tablet" must mean X). The King "makes southward/' BO
probably J is meant. As on the east side the hills closed
in on the river on the north and south, there were nu
true NE. and SE. Stelae till V and 8 were hewn at
similar distances from the south and north boundaries re-
spectively. Stela S is due south-east from the city, so that
F or S might be indicated by the phrase, but P is almost
inaccessible by chariot. The roads which are still to be seen
leading up to several of the stelae were probably made for
the King's visit.
22
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
13th day — the King, after a great sacrifice to
Aten in the city, as on the former occasion, drove
southwards in his chariot, and " on the south-
east mountain of Akhetaten " made a proclama-
tion defining the boundaries of Akhetaten more
precisely by means of the six stelae, and swore
that he would never overstep them or suffer
them to fall into decay. 1 The district (of which
he gave the exact length) he declared to belong
to the Aten, with all its inhabitants, animals and
products, for ever and ever, from the eastern
hills to the western.
Probably the work of engraving these land-
marks had not been begun at this time, and
while it was in progress an increase in their
numbers was resolved on. In consequence the
eleven or more stelae were not ready till the
beginning of the 8th year. 2 By that time a
new asseveration of the oath had been arranged
for, probably in connection with the dedication
of the additional stelae, for the ceremonial seems
this time to have taken place on the south-east
boundary (S, line 26), where three or four new
stelae had been set up (P, Q, R, S). This was
in the 8th year, 5th month, 8th day, and the
western stelae seem to have been visited a few
days earlier (4th month, last day). The pro-
ceedings perhaps took place on some anniversary
or festival, and were fixed long in advance, so
that the record of them could be added before-
hand to the rest of the inscription. 3 On the
1 This must not be too strictly interpreted. J was
pushed some hundreds of yards south of K, and the Royal
Tomb lies beyond the boundary eastwards.
2 In consequence of the heavy work entailed on quarriers
and sculptors, little or no work could be done upon the
tombs.. For this reason no tomb shows two daughters, and
perhaps all in the S. group are later than the stelae.
3 On every stela the oath and the record of its renewal
run on in the same line, and, so far as I can see, without
sign of erasure, though V, P, J, the stelae most concerned,
have lost the part in question. It seems, therefore, that
the whole was cut on all at one time. The engraver of B
also knew the form prescribed for the addition ; but, wishing
to give the new oath at length, he changed it to a retro-
spective note — " The oath was in the 6th year . . . " — and
eastern stelae (and also on F) 4 it took a simple
form : " This oath was repeated in the year
. . . ." On A and B, however, the brief sum-
mary in which the substance of the previous
oath had been repeated was appended to it.
Before this longer text could be engraved,
Akhena ten's third daughter had been born, and
her name and figure were accordingly added at
the side of the " altars " of these two stelae. 5
C. Description of the Stelae.
These monuments are of an almost invariable
form, of which Plate xxvi. gives an excellent
example. They are rounded at the top, and the
sky from which Aten sends his divergent rays
on the altar and on the royal pair is corres-
pondingly arched. The upper part is occupied
by a scene showing the King, Queen, and two
princesses adoring Aten, the former generally
having their arms outstretched from the shoulder,
while the princesses carry sistrums. Part of
this division, however, is often taken up by the
beginning of the inscription, arranged in vertical
columns, the rest of it being written on the
lower part of the stela in horizontal lines in
either direction.
In the scene above, the titulary of the sun,
of the royal pair, and of the princesses, is added
in columns. There is generally an altar-table of
common form, the two or three panels of which
are decorated with the five cartouches. The
then added the new oath thus : " 8th year, 4th month, last
day — the oath which the King spake when fixing the stelae
of Akhetaten. . . ." But he gives a different date in the
6th year from that which is unanimously given for the
later proclamation, even by A, which presumably followed
B in ending.
4 F, which does not share the peculiarities of A and B,
seems to be earlier ; since it gives a date (according to
Petrie) for the (forthcoming?) ceremonial on the east side
which proved four months too soon.
6 The three dedications, then, seem to have briefly pre-
ceded the birth of three successive children. Did this
domestic King invite the favour of Aten, who " makes the
son to live in the body of his mother, nursing him in the
body," by these gifts and engagements?
THE HOIXDARY STELAE,
23
table is piled with jaivs, meata, birds, vegetables,
flowers, and dishes of burning incense, and often
han a buck like that of a chair at one end, and
at the other a kneeling figure holding a dish
filled with a cone of food (?), The altar, or one
of the two duplicated royal groups, is often
replaced by the columns of text.
The King and Queen are clothed is garments
of the usual form. The King usually wears the
klhftersh head-dress, the Queen the two feathers
with horned disc. The bodies are given their
most exaggerated forms, and the fares their most
repulsive outlines, on these stelae of the early
years of the reign. Indeed, these worst dis-
tortions are almost limited to stelae, trial-
pieces, etc.
The stelae of the later series, unlike the earlier,
are almost invariably Hanked on both sides with
groups of statuary of a special character. They
are formed in the following way. The King
and Queen stand side by side in a combined
group, the King being on the side nearer the
stela ; he is somewhat stouter in build than she,
bm the forms do not greatly differ. It is, how-
ever, only in A and S, where the stone i& of good
quality, that the statuary is sufficiently well
preserved to inform us on points of detail, and
here the moulding of the body is exquisitely
soft and delicate, despite the exaggerated dimen-
sions of the hips and thighs (Plates xxxiv.,
xxxix., xL, xliv.). The bodies seem usually to
be nude, or nearly so. The King wears either
the Uupersh or the crown of Lower Egypt, the
Queen her flat head-dress or a cap ; but the
heads or faces have, in every case, been broken
away. 1 The ligures always have their arms out-
stretched either from the shoulder or from the
elbow (generally there is one group of each
form), and each grasps the upper rim of a narrow
vertical tablet inscribed w T ith idle names of the
1 As the frftgBM&tfl MM left where they fell, they are
sometimes to he recovered from the sands. See below (K
and Q). The heads of the statues were often separate, and
attached to the rock '■ I Din - -i .
A ten and the royal pair/- As these are joined
together and to the statues in a solid mass
(concealing the figures for rather more than half
their breadth, and so ol mating the need of
drapery), they resemble altars, but really show
the King and Queen "upholding the name of
Aten," * The tablet is sometimes upright, some-
times leaning outwards at the top, as if to be
read the better. The heads and figures are
joined to the cliff by a stay of rock.
The statues of the little princesses are always
two in number. The girls are nude, and wear
an enormous side-lot k. They hold one another's
hands, and with her free arm Merytaten reaches
out to touch her mother. These figures are set
on a base, and against an arched hack, as if they
were a free-standing group (Plate xliv.).
Stela A (Plates xli., xliii.) lies three miles to
the south of Tuneh-el-Gebel, on the face of the
western hills. It is 14 feet high and 7 feet
6 inches broad, with eight columns of text and
twenty-five horizontal lines. The former are in
fair preservation (PL xxxiiL); the latter seem
to have been sys tenia tically battered, but the
first six and last six lines and the ends of the
rest are fairly legible. The lower lines are
rapidly decaying. The writing is from left to
right, The upper scene shows vertical lines of
text on the left, and on the ri^ht the King and
Queen adoring Aten behind a table of offerings.
Merytaten and Meketaten shake sistrums behind
her. 4 The horizontal rams horns are added to
the disc in the Queen s head-dress.
On the south side of the stela are two groups
2 The tablets have rounded tops in Q (detached frag-
ment).
a In the ease of 8 the lower altar holds the names of the
god and the Kiri^ ; the higher one adds that of the Queen
Probably this is the explanation of the two models.
1 Their names are totally misread by Pri&ke, Mon. &g. t
PL xiv. Drawn by Hay, MBS., 29814, Ms. 32-34 ; the
first is reproduced in Plate xliii, by kind permission of
I he hi rector «»t the Uritish Museum. Sketched alsu by
F:Hotk, Litres ftrfti* pp. 59, KM, and MSS. t Til.,
303-30G.
24
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
of statuary, one of each model (Plates xxxiv.,
xxx vi). On both the figures are draped. The
King wears a broad girdle with falling ends, and
the clinging drapery of the Queen is delicately
indicated on her body and limbs. The fringed
upper hem of her robe is seen crossing above
and between her breasts, and its folds are
gathered together in a knot below them. It is
open in front, but a narrow sash knotted on the
navel seems to indicate an under-garment. The
upper arms and the breast of both figures are
adorned with cartouches of the Aten. It is pecu-
liar to A and B that, though only two daughters
are shown in statuary, the figure and name of
Ankhes-en-pa-aten were added to those of the
other two on one side of the north "altar,"
showing that she was born before the completion
of the work. The names are in the invariable
form (cf. L., 2?., iii., 91a-/).
Stela B. — This lies about two miles to the
south of Stela A, but halfway between them
a rock face has been cut, which may have been
the preparation for another stela. It is more
likely that it is only a quarry, perhaps even
of Boman date. 1 By the side of it forty-one
steps, 7 feet broad, making use of a natural
gully, ascend to the top of the low cliff, where
signs of surface quarrying are frequent. A few
steps lead from the foot of this to the quarried
face, which is 14 feet high and 35 feet long.
Stela B is about the same size as the last, and
in much the same condition. There are seven or
eight vertical columns of inscription, and twenty-
seven horizontal lines. Columns 1-4 are nearly
illegible and line 27 entirely so, while the whole
has been very badly defaced by hammering. The
scene above shows the King, the Queen, and two
daughters lifting hands in adoration of Aten on
either side of the columned text. The figures on
the left are almost destroyed. The initial date
is also gone. On both sides of the stelae are
1 This must be the spot which M. Daressy erroneously
describes (Recueil, xv., p. 61, no. 7).
groups of the royal pair and their two daughters.
Three daughters are shown and named on the
side of the south " altar."
Stela F. — According to Professor Petrie, this
stela is "ona low scarp of rock in the middle of
a wide bay of desert" south of Gildeh, and is
usually buried in sand. The scene is gone, as
well as the first five discernible horizontal lines.
There are nine more lines, 49 inches long,
the last seven being fairly complete. The in-
scription is so short that it would not even
contain the royal oath. 2 I think, therefore, that
either there was no upper scene at all and that
the remaining forty-one inches under the disc
were entirely occupied by inscription, or that the
top of the stela is quite gone. The text runs
from right to left.
Stela J. — This is situated high up on the
north side of the first ravine entering the hills
which rise from the western river-bank, south
of the village of Hawata. It lies a few hundred
yards to the south of Stela K.
The stela is in great ruin (Plate xxxvi.) ap-
parently from natural causes, the lower part of
the rock here being now a rough cave. The
stone was bad to begin with, having to be ex-
tensively patched by the engravers with insets
which now have fallen out. The eight columns
of inscription are in very bad condition, the
date being indecipherable. The eight horizontal
lines, 75 inches broad, which remain, show
many gaps. 3 The scene above is on the right of
the columns of text and shows the King, Queen,
and two princesses 4 adoring Aten with out-
stretched arms, behind an offering-table. The
text is written from left to right. The cliff is
smoothed down on the left of the stela to receive
statues ; but, though their place is visible, they
have perished.
Stela K (Plates xxix., xxx., xxxvii.,
2 Line 8 begins near the end of line 21 of Stela S.
3 The text extends to the end of line 16 of Stela S. The
negative was kindly furnished by Professor Steindorff.
4 The upper one is gone ; the lower is named Meketaten.
xxxviii,).— This monument is cut in the high
cliff' to the north of Stela J, It is 70 inches
broad, and the horizontal lines, which I
reckon to have been eighty in number, measure
eleven feet in height 1 There were, besides,
twenty-one vertical columns. This magnificent
monument is ruined by natural decay, the lower
two-thirds being almost useless. It contains the
earlier text, written from left to right. The
scene above- shows the King adoring the Aten
on the right of the vertical columns. Behind
him, his wife and his daughter Merytaten rattle
sistrums (the Queen's name both above and in
front of her is written Q q 1) s=> w Qg J simply).
This leaves no room for further figures ; but the
border has been erased and, a little space having
been smoothed at the side, a tiny figure of
Meketaten, accompanied by an attendant/ has
been rudely inserted, and her name added in ft
column near her sister's. This might represent
a miscalculation by the sculptor, but is probably
an addition implying the birth of a second
daughter after the scene was executed. There
are no statues.
Stela M.— About 18 feet high (13 feet of
inscription possible) and 6 feet broad. The
stela is almost obliterated, but fragments of
the first eleven lines can be read, written from
kit to right These belong to the earlier pro-
clamation. The scene seems to have shown King,
Queen and possibly one or two daughters adoring
Aten to the right of several columns of text.
There arc no statues. The stela is only a few
hundred yards north of K, and lies at the turn
of the mountain, just behind a sheikhs tomb.
It is set deep in a hewn recess.
1 From the top of line 40 to the end of the inscription
is 66 inches. The negative of the photograph on Plate
xxxvii. was kindly furnished by Professor BtofadorfC
J For the scene see L,, D., iii., 11 Oft, which inch
twenty -OOfB of tfaa horizontal HlMMt,
n Not a second daughter. An uttcrulant is not Bbewbfltt
shown on the stelae, but the child was so young that a
nurse seemed fitting.
Stela N {Plates xxxiii., xL), — About half-
way along the southern boundary of the plain,
just under the summit. It is 82 inches broad
and 13 feet high, half of the height being
occupied by twenty-six horizontal lines of teari
reading from left to right What is left of
this is in good condition, but the upper half is
largely lost by the falling away or theft of
patching-stones. The date is lost. The scene
shows two daughters. 4 SteindortF cleared the
lower part in 1898 and found heads of the King
and Queen (replaced in Plate xl.). fi
To right and left of the stela, and sheltered
by the overhang of the rock, are combined
statues of the King and Queen and of the two
princesses. The group on the right hand (west)
is -mailer. The arms of the larger group bend
upwards from the elbow. The character of the
group of children will best be learnt from the
photograph (PL xliv.). fl
Stela P. — This is the westernmost of four
stelae which are set in a straight line (59°)
across the great valley which leads southwards
from the SE. corner of the plain. This contains
two khars, one on the west side of the valley
and one on the east, P is placed on the west
mountain-side, Q in the west khm\ R in the
east khoTj S on the east mountain -side. Stela
P was blown to pieces by gunpowder a few years
ago by Copts, who expected, as all Egyptians
do, to find that the stela was a door to a hidden
treasure-chamber. 7 It was 70 inches broad
4 For the scene above see L., D,, iiL, 110a, and my
sketch (based on that and on photographs) on Plate xxxiii.
The faces of the King and Queen are reproduced in L,,
D., iii., 295, nos. 4f>, 48, and are characteristic for the
rtnhn
ft Stein dokff, Dutch die Li/bitche Wiiste, pp. II, 12.
Bericht d. Kmt. Smh$, 0t». Leipzig, 1900, pp. 210-212
(photographs).
The negatives for Imth pfotographi <►*' tliis stela were
kindly furnished by Professor Steind^rtl".
7 CI Hay's account dt his visit to the stela at Tun* 1.
^ The principal peFBO&Age commenced by asking why \w
had shut Dp the door as soon as we saw them oomlag . . .
fin be insisted that the tablet could be nothing less" (Add,
THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.
and 12 feet 6 inches high. Only a fragment
with the heads of the Koyal pair remains. The
King, Queen and two princesses were shown
praying to the Aten on either side a centra]
altar-table. On the left the heads of both King
and Queen are preserved, but are removed on
the right. 1 The King wears the crown of Lower
Egypt on the left, that of Upper Egypt on the
right ; the Queen wears the plumes. Of the text
I copied two large detached fragments. There are
groups of the King and Queen and of the two
princesses on either side the stela. The Queen's
tablet r- hi tains the name of Aten and her own,
the Kings that of Aten and his own. 2 One
head of Merytaten remains. The writing is
from right to left.
Stela Q, — This stela occupies a commanding
position at the top of a spur facing northwards
down the western track (Plates xli., xlii). It
is 8 feet high and 52 inches broad, containing
twenty -seven horizontal lines of inscription
written from right to left, but below line 12
nearly all is lost.
The scene above shows the King and Queen
praying and the two princesses shaking sistrums
on either side of a central altar. None of the
cartouches are injured. There were the usual
groups of statues on both sides, the higher
tablet being on the right. They are completely
smashed, the injuries apparently being contem-
porary ; and on searching the slope and foot of
the hill I found the remains strewn about, but
badly weatherworn. They included (1) the head
of the Queen (or a princess) in an enveloping
wig, almost defaced ; (2) the face of the Queen (?) ;
(3) head of the King wearing the crown of the
North ; (4) torso and head of a princess, the
MSS. 31054, p, 163), Natural caverns at the foot of some
of the stelae (especially curious in S), help this fancy,
which is responsible for many injuries to monuments in
Egypt,
1 I discovered and brought away the p rotile of the
(jueeu,
i '1 In- south tablet is 43 inches high; that on the north,
35 inches.
former well formed and little injured ; (5) many
fragments of the tablets. 3
Stela R (Plate xlii.) is on the east slope
of the eastern khor, about three-quarters of
an hour's walk from the southern tombs. It
is 88 inches hi^h and 58 inches broad.
The text, which was contained in twenty-
nine (?) lines written from right to left
terribly mutilated, partly by natural decay and
loss of patching-stones, and partly through
wanton injury. The scene above shows the
royal family worshipping in the usual way on
both sides of an altar, near which are stands
with lotus-flowers.
There are fragments still on the left (N.) of
the stela, showing that there was a group of the
King and Queen and another of the prince
on this side.
Stela S (Plates xxvi., xxxix., xl., xliv.)* lies
a few hundred yards behind R at the foot of
the mountain-side. It is 60 inches broad and
100 inches high, and contains four columns
and twenty-six lines of inscription written from
right to left The sculptors chanced on a vein of
limestone as hard as alabaster, so that the greater
part of the monument is marvellously preserved,
though spiteful attacks have been made upon
it lately. The work in the scene above the
inscription is beautifully fine, though the profiles
are hideous and the forms <»f the body out-
rageous.
The usual groups of statuary are found on
both sides of the stela and show admirable
modelling. The royal group on the right (S)
of the stela holds the tablets at shoulder-height ;
the others are held with bent arm. Except for
a narrow girdle round the loins of the King,
both figures are nude. The south figure of the
King wears the Utepersh (?), that on the North
has the crown of the North. The south tablet
3 See Plate xliv. No. 3 is in the Museum of Melbourne,
Australia; Nos. 2 and 4 are in the Cairo Museum.
4 PRiaSKj Mmt. jfj^, PL xiii. Copy by Da JJrynesU n
who appear* to have drawn the scene from memory.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
shows the cartouches of King, Queen and Aten ;
that on the north shows those of the King
and the Aten only. 1
Stela U (Plates xxv., xxxiv,, xxxvii.). — This
gigantic monument, measuring 25 feet from
top to bottom, occupies almost the entire
height of the cliff in a little bay of the eastern
mountain-range, just to the north of the mouth
of the great ravine in which the Royal tomb lies.
It is absolutely impossible of close approach
except by rope-ladder from above, and the text
is therefore difficult to secure. There are three
columns and twenty -four lines of text written
from left to right. The scene shows the King
and Queen praying with extended arms, 2 and two
daughters shaking sistrums.
On each side of the stela a deep recess has
been cut in the rock to hold the groups of
statuary. On the right (8) was a group of the
King and Queen with tablets held breast-high
and inscribed with fuller eulogies of the King(?)
and Queen than usual, The princesses are
almost destroyed. On the left the remains show
separate statues, more than life-size, of the King
and Queen, each holding a narrow tablet shoulder-
high against the body. The statues of the
daughters are more than infantine in compara-
tive size. A broad road leads to it from the
city.
Stela V lies high up on the hills, a little
to the south of the defile which pierces them
in the midst of the northern tombs, the
position being apparently chosen as directly
opposite B. Owing to the nature of the rock,
nothing now remains but half-a-dozen signs,
apparently from line 19 (S). There are faint
traces of a road leading to it from the city.
1 1 made ae attempt to tind the heads, but failed. A
fragment showing a cartouche of Aten was sent U> tin-
National Museum, Melbourne, Australia, by M. Maspero's
kind permission.
J Prisse, Mon. Etj ., PL xii. Sketch in L'Hotk, Papier* t
iii,, SQ2* The figures in Prisse should conform in altitude
and dress to those in Plate xxvi.
Stela X, the most northern on the east
side, lies at the point where the track through
the defile just mentioned strikes the river again.
It is set high up on the shoulder of the
mountain, above the ruined tomb of the Lady
Zebayda, facing the river (225°). It contains
the proclamation of the fourth year, but is in
a state of ruin even more lamentable than that
of K, its fellow on the south. The stela is
81 inches broad, and there is more than 12
feet of height above the lowest extant line
(No. 57). It affords room for the full text of
eighty lines.
The scene above is only to be made out
with difficulty. On the left the King stands
in adoration, and with him the Queen and Mery-
taten (?). In the centre are twenty-one columns
of text, and beyond this there seema to have
been an altar heaped with offerings. The writing
is from right to left.
D, Previous Work on the Site/
Stela A, near Tuneh El Gebel on the West
side, was the first to be discovered. It was
known already to Wilkinson , 4 and probably Hay,
who drew it in 1827, learnt of its existence from
him. Nestor L'Hote visited it in 1839 and
made rough drawings of it/ Prisse did more,
publishing the entire monument. Lefsius pub-
lished only the date and names. Daressy, in
1893, included this text in a collation*'
8TELA IT, being near to the Northern tombs,
was discovered by Harris and Gliddon in 1840, 7
sketched by L'Hotk, and copied by Prisse. It
is included also in M. Daresay *s collation.
Stela S was found and copied by De Brynes-
tyn, Prisse's companion, and published by the
s Fuller references are given elsewhere,
< Topography of Thtbes, p. 383,
* Lettres Eerilrt, pp. 129-134.
> /;, , ttr.il rfr Travaits, xv., pp. 51-58, also p. 61.
7 PutsaE, Mon. Eg,, p. 3,
28
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
latter. 1 M. v published a fine photograph
and printed the text (v. supra}.
STELA K was published by Lcpsius, as also
the upper part of Stela N. 2
Stkla Q was tirst found, I believe, by Mr.
Xr wherry.
Stela l B, F, J, P, M, R, V were the reward of
Prof. Petries indefatigable scrutiny of the
whole district in 1B92. 8 R is included also in
M. Daressy's collation.
Stela X, the farthest to the north yet dis-
covered on the east bank, was shown to me by
an Arab in 1901/ Breasted has made use of it
for his recent work. 5
Steindorff, Borcharht and Grunau visited
the eastern stelae in 1898, copied the text of
eight of them, securing excellent photographs,
and made excavations at N. a
E. The Earlier Proclamation. 7
Year 4 8 fourth month of the second season, [day] 4 (1).*
Liveth the Good God, etc.
1 Prisse, M&n. £g. v p. 3 and PL xiii.
2 L. t D. Text, p. 129. There are squeezes of K in
Berlin.
J Petbie, Tell el Anmrna, pp. 5, 6, Pis, xxxiv., xxxv.
* Davies, Sheilh Sttid^ pp. 5, 6,
6 Records, ii., p. 393.
6 For references, see p. 25.
7 Plates xxix.-xxxii., xxxv iii. (photograph). The sources
used are the Stelae K, X, and IL Of M only a few phrases
are now legible. For K and X I have used my squeezes
and photographs and plates revised on the spot. For K,
see also L., XX, in., 1106. A fragmentary translation is
j^iven in Breastkd. lteconh, pp. 392-394. The numbers
of the lines, where not otherwise marked, are those of K.
The lines of X are marked off as far and as accurately as
possible in the text of K,
By much the larger share of any responsibility or credit
for the translation of these two proclamations must fall to
Mr. Griffith, to whom the final form it has taken is
also due.
1 The reading is confirmed by the recurrence of " year t "
below (L 20).
• " Day 13," which the broken signs easily permit us to
read, would date the later proclamation to the anniversary
of this.
[Liveth Father] fHor-Afconl |" etc. 10
[Liveth Horus] | w (1S71 f A,l etc. 11
. . . . J 1 * appearing on the throne of lie of the living (I)
like his father Aton every day, the good (?) god ,
|* might doing service to Him that formed (t)
him to the sky . . . . | ri when he places
himself . . , . the living Aton, lord [Son of
Re], living in Truth, [lord of] diadems, \ vU Akhenaton, great
in his duration, living for ever ;
(and) the hereditary -princess (?), great in the palace, fair
of face j beauteous with the double plume, mistress of happi-
ness, [endowed with favours] at hearing whose voice one
rejoices, 1 '* | rfii lady of grace, great of love, by whose nature
the lord of the two lands is well-pleased, great of . . . . . .
to the Aton, contenting , , in the horizon, for
whom every (word) that is spoken is done, 13 | u chief wife of
the king, whom he loves, mistress of the Two lands,
f Beauty of the Beauties of Aton, Neferteit living for
On this day (Royalty) was 14 in [Akhetaton?]. His
[Majesty ascended] a great chariot J K of electrum, like
Aton when he rises from his horizon and fills the land with
his love, .... the Aton ; (and) started [a goodly course
to] Akhetaton, his place of the beginning which he had
made]* 1 for himself that he might rest within it daily (?) — for
his son * The unique one of Re p had made for him his monu-
ment in founding for him [Akhetaton] according (?) as [bis
father had given command] to make it— [Heaven was]
in joy, 1 s earth in rejoicing, \ xii every heart in gladness, when
they saw him. (And his Majesty) offered a [great] oblation
to Father f Hor-Aton 1 of bread, beer, horned | lUI bulls,
10 Aton was probably the true pronunciation of the god's
name, which thus differed by only one letter from Amdn,
Am fin, the god whom he displaced.
11 The rendering as far as line xiv. is much guided by
the later proclamation, where a full translation of tin:
similar titularies is given. The ordinary titulary of Akhen-
aten is abbreviated elsewhere in these pages to f N. j ( A. ]
and the cartouches of the god to f Hor-Aton 1
13 The above titles of the Queen are those which she
bears in the later proclamation. Her name is often tran-
scribed Nefertiti,
13 Cf.II.,p. 14. Read *ZZ7 . J) at the end of line vi. j
at the end of line vii. ; IK * A at the end
of line viii. ; &^ at the end of line ix.
14 Lit. u One was." " On this day ■ refers of course to the
opening date, what has intervened being merely protocol.
* B Read ^^ % tj 111.
THR BOUNDARY STELAE.
polled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense, frankin-
cense {?), all goodly herbs 1 [on the day of demarcating]
Akhetaton [for the living Aton— who accepted [favoured
and loved] j* 1 * the Hovereign (L. P, H.)> - Lord of the two
lands ( Beautiful of the forms of Re, Unique one of Re 1
After these things, the good pleasure (?) of the Aton was
■ tone making for him joy . . . . | tr Akhetaton
in gladness, he rested on [his grejat throne with which he
is well pleased, which uplifts (?) [his] beauties
I** 1 (And) [his Majesty stood] before Father ( Hor-Aton 1
[and Aton radiated upon him in life and length of days,
invigorating his body every day]. [Said] ] xvil his Majesty :
M Bring me the companions of the king, the great ones and
mighty (1) ones, the captains of soldiers, [of
the land] in its entirety." They were| ,viii conducted to him
immediately. They were on their bellies before his Majesty,
smelling [the ground to his mighty will].
His [Majesty said] unto them : " Behold 3 [Akhetaton (?)
which] \ xix the Aton desires me to make unto him as a
monument in the [great] name of [my Majesty] for ever : 4
it was the Aton my father that [brought me to] |"
Akhetaton, Not a noble directed (?) me to it, 6 not [any
man in] the whole land directed (?) me to it say[ing ** It is fit-
ting for his Majesty] that he |*** make an Horizon-of-Aton
(Akhetaton) in this place." Nay, but it was the Aton my
father that [directed (?) me] to it, to make it for him as
an Horizon of- Aton (Akhetaton), Behold | l I did not
nnd(»)« . . .
.... Aton for the Aton my father; behold Pharaoh
L. P. H. found that it belonged not to a god, it belonged
not to a goddess, it belonged not to prince, it belonged not
to princess 1 | a . . . [There is no right for] any man to act
as owner of it .... I found . . . , witness .... every-
thing. For Father ( Hor-Aton 1 related to me . . . .of truth
1 The term probably includes flowers.
" The salutation " Life, Prosperity, Health I " often
attached to mention of Royalty, The preceding phrase
may be a standing expression for the acceptance of a royal
offering by the god.
3 V, not 0, should be read in the Plate.
4 M gives ^% here.
fi Or " testified to it."
u
•"-■rs£,ii"a-.Lij?<tf'
regarding Akhetaton for ever | 3 and ever.* Every eye seeth (?)
. . , . rays beauteous with{?) love, at sight of which every land
liveth, he making (?).... upon f N. j f his child (?)....
for ever and ever. For Akhetaton f Beauty
for
of the beauties of Aton, Neferteit j to wife (?)
ever and ever, said , . , . f Hor-Aton I by command ....
p monument of the Aton . , . . knowing the bounds of
eternity. Lo ! it is he that putteth in thy heart regarding
any place that he desires : he doth not uplift the name of
any king ® [except] thy Majesty, [he] doth not [° , . . ,
another except beneficent (?) , , . . of To-
iler a (Egypt) .... like the horizon of heaven ....
Aton .... gTeat .... of making a monument to the
living Aton
| 7 . , • . Aton thou drawest {]) unto him every land (]),
thou ad or nest for him village[s?] . ■ . , which he hath
[made?] for his own self, all lands, all countries, the
Ha-nebu with their products, their tribute on their backs
for him that made their life, him by whose rays one liveth
and breathes the air , . . . | 8 [may he grant me] eternity
in seeing his rays verily (?) Akhetaton is
thriving like Aton in heaven for ever and eternally.
Then his Majesty lifted his hand to heaven unto Him
that formed him, ( Hor-Aton I ,
saying :
As Father ( Hor-Aton liveth, | 9 the great and living
Aton, ordaining life, vigorous in life, ray father,
my wall of a million cubits, my remembrancer of eternity,
my witness of that which belongs to eternity, 10 that formeth
himself with his hands, whom no artificer hath known, who is
established in rising J 10 and setting each day without ceasing.
Whether he is in heaven or on earth [every] eye sees him
without .... while he tills [the land with] his beams and
makes every face to live. With seeing whom may my eyefl
be satisfied daily, when he rises in this House of Aton H in
Akhetaton, and nils it with his own self by his beams | u
beauteous with love, and lays them upon me in life and
length of days{?) for ever and ever, 12
9 Read 1 3j from a revised copy.
-1ll>lfcIsi^iW<— >S
1 \ =t k < 6 ""-$£« *\ k < M) -
l^flI (M >-
'- (.\.iinp:i.n.' the pictures in which the King is seen
covered and embraced by the rays of the sun, some of
th* in extending to him the sign of life and (mure rarely,
the una sign of Length of Days (I).
ll l! J
(J
* III
m
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
I will make 1 Akhetaton for the A ton my father in this
place. T will not make for him Akhetaton south of it,
north of it, west of it, or east of it. T will not pan
heynnd the southern tablet of Akhetaton BOUtbword,
neither will I pass beyond the northern tablet of AWtftMHWB
| imr thward, to] j IJ make [for him] Akhetaton therein;
neither will I make for him on the western side of Akhet-
aton. Nay, but I will make{?) Akhetaton for the Atou
my Father upon the Orient side of Akhetaton, the place
which he did enclose for his own self with cliff (?), and
made a hrtjt in the midst of it, that I might offer to hi in
thereon : this is it. Neither shall the Queen say unto me | 13
M Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another
place " and I hearken unto her : neither shall any noble ....
.... of all men who are in the whole land [say unto me]
u Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another
place * and I hearken to them, whether it be downstream-
ward, or southward | 14 or westward, or Orient-ward. I will
not say *1 will abandon Akhetaton, I will hasten a way
and make Akhetaton in this other goodly place
for ever(?)." Nay, but [I did find (?)| this Akhetaton for
the A t. m. which he had himself desired, and with which he
is delighted for ever and ever.
I will make a House of A ton for the A ton my father
in Akhetaton in | rB this place ;
I will make Aton for the Aton my father
in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make the Shade of Re of the [great] wife of the
King ( Neferteit J 1 ■ for the Aton my father in Akhet-
aton in this place ;
I will make a House of Rejoicing for the Aton my
father in the island of M Aton distinguished in Jubilees" in
Akhetaton in this place :I ;
I will make a House) 16 of Rejoicing , . [for] the
Aton my father in the island of " Aton distinguished in
Jubilees " in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make all works which [are required] to be done
for the Aton my father in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make ,.••»•*« for the Aton my father in
Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make for myself j 17 the palace of Pharaoh
(L.P.H.) ; I will make the palace of the Queen in Akhet-
aton in this place.
There shall be made for me a sepulchre in the Orifent]
mountain; my burial shall be [made] therein in the multi
tude of jubilees which the Aton my father hath ordained
for me, and the burial of the chief wife of the King
1 Grammatically* it is equally possible to translate k ' 1
have made," and so in all cases.
2 Taia and Merytaton are each given a "Shade of Re"
in the texts. Nothing is known of a "Shade of Re" of
Neferteit, but it is not likely that Taia would be entitled
simply " King's wife " in the reign of Akhenatmi.
3 There is still a large cultivable island opposite Et Til T
but the river-bed shifts a good deal there.
t Neferteit 1 4 shall be made therein in that "multitude of
years] 6 J 1 * [and the burial of] the Kini^s
daughter Merit aton shall be made in it in that multitude
of years/ If I die in any town of the north, south,
Orient in the multitude of years, 1 will be brought and my
burial made in Akhetaton. If the great Queen ( Neferteit 1
who lives, die in any town of north, south, west, or Orient,
in the [multitude of years, she shall be brought | 19 and
buried in Akhetaton. If the King's daughter Meritaton
die] in any city of north, south, west, or Orient, in the
multitude of years, she shall he brought and buried in
Akhetaton. And the sepulchre 7 of Mreu (Mnevis) shall be
made in the Orient mountain of Akhetaton, [and he shall
be buried] therein.
[The] tombs of the " Great of Seeing " * and the divine
fathers of the Aton u and the [prie]sts (?) [of the A]ton
shall be made in the Or[ient] mountain [of Akhetaton and
they shall be buried in them. I 20
The tomb of the officers, etc,, shall be made in the
Orient mountain of Akhet]aton and they shall be fouried]
therein.
For, as Father f Hor-Aton j liveth,
priests (?) more evil are they than those things which
I luard unto year 4, [more evil are th]ey than [those
4 This shortened form of the Queen's name is used in
every case on these three stelae where it can he tested,
(though in broken cartouches the longer title seems indicated)
and seems a sign of the early date,
fi In each case the day of burial is postponed almost
infinitely.
8 Evidently only the eldest daughter was yet born.
Dr, Elliott Smith's examination of the skeleton found with
the furniture of Queen Taia points to the startling con-
clusion that the King could scarcely have been fifteen years
old when he pronounced this oath.
1 Or perhaps " necropolis," Read
■—» rvww% - * <—. , — •
The title of the chief priest of Re at Heliopolis. This
and, still more, the adoption of the sacred bull Mnevis show
a close connection of Aton worship with the cult of the
Bun-god at Heliopolis, at any rate in the early years; it
is very unexpected to find animal-worship thus retained in
some degree by the M heretic." Perhaps this was a conces-
sion to Egyptian prejudice and intended to conciliate the
second or third greatest of the religious bodies in the
struirgle with Anion- worship. On the other hand, it is
possible that Heliopolis was one of the main sources of
the u heresy."
e I have neglected to enter in the plate the clearer
nnding of K, which I obtained on revision :
r^^i
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
31
things] which I have heard in l the year (?) more
evil are they than those things which King
[heard], more evil are they than tho.se things which | Jl
( Men-kheperu-re J{?) heard in the mouth (?)
of negroes, in the mouth (1) of [any ]] people
tK 25 1= X 26>
r
X31
|M 30
of Kush as far as ... .
. it shall nob be said ....
. [of gazjelles (?), of addax[es] . , .
. the headland of the . . . [tablet]
. . as my father f I
Hor-Aton 1 liveth
j
jK ai ^ m in i . ^ likewise all feasts, every season .
the chief wife of the King, Xeferteit . . . f
k n
Aton in the district Akhet-
aton, and I will not make
) K 33 . , . , in the central (?) foreshorefs], 4 in the cen-
tral (I) islands which I ofler(?) to the Aton
[my father]. I indeed will make ....
| K " . . . . [the Atoll my] father in the House of Aton
in Akhetaton; he shall not offer {?). B I be (!) «
if T be in any city," in any town ....
J* ** . . . . likewise the festival (?) [of] Aton, the offering ....
] x 36 . . . . every place [unto?] which it is my deaire
to go ... .
] x :,: , , . which he found for himself ....
| K3B . .. . . [ships supplied] with everything in Akhet-
aton to let him voyage, whether he voyage northward OT
southward
|K4o<=X4n) fllor-Atonl The celebration (1) of
a Jubilee the south (?) tablet of Akhetaton.
I will celebrate (,') the Jubilee ....
| x 4 ' 2 . , . , the headland of the northern tablet ....
x 5l unto the west (1), to the Orient, to to
the water in the river ....
x M . . . . trees (?), all things that are in the whole land ;
they are for father f Hor-Aton 1 . . . ,
| XM the granary (?) of Aton under (?) the hand of the
Superior of the house of Akhetaton .... his(?) palette
being in . > . .
| X6 » . , . . . . upon their bellies unto Pharaoh, L.P.H.,
their (?) lord, and the Queen (?) [their mistress].
|K'* . . . . with life Uld length ol ilays(l), Tn.J
The whole land was in [joy] and holiday ....
l K *° . . . . , in Akhetaton for ever and ever. (End).
1 K has
.a
iihftk
ad reading).
j5£ Ell (revised reading of K).
m + m ^ > \B1mBla 4 Jr k
a A place of royal residence is prolmbly meant.
F. The Later Proclamation. 7
Year 6, fourth month of the second season, thirteenth
day. 8
Liveth the Good God, well pleased with Truth, | u Lord of
en, Lord of earth, Living Aton, Great, Illuminating the
two regions.
Liveth Father * | u * f Ra-hor, Horizon-god,™ rejoicing in
7 The materials which T have used for the Plates xxvii.,
xxviih, xxxiii, are : —
Stela A. — Prisse, Man. £g* xiv. Daressy, collation
in Jtecueil xv. t pp. 50-58, with appendix of A in full (all
type-printed). My hand-copy and squeezes. These only
covered the portions of the stela which could be stvl^l
legible. The rest is not absolutely erased, but for the
most part has xery little evidential value. For two or
three phrases I found myself dependent on Daressy. A
partial eopy in L'Hotk, MS. IIL, 303, 304.
Stela B. — Only my hasty hand-copy of the more legible
portfi (la-t four vertical lines, enri of lines l-">, Linefl ; ^ 1"
near the end). A date in Petrie's notes.
Stf.la F.— Only Petri k's hand-copy. I did not obtain
this in time to add it to the Plates, but have noted its
readings where they have any importance.
Stela J. — My haurl -copy of the more legible parts. Hand-
copy by Petri e. Photographs by myself and Steindortf.
Stela N. — My hand-copy. Photographs by Steindorfl*.
Stela P.— My hand-copy of a few shattered fragments.
Stela Q. — My hand-copy (revised) and photographs.
Also hand copies kindly furnished me by Mr. Newberry
and M. Maspero (coj>y by Shabaau Effendi).
Stela R.— -Darrbsy (for. etl.). My own copy and
photographs.
Stela B.— Prisse, Mon, j§#., PL \ii. ; Daressy, km, cit.
(photograph). Cast from si pieoz.es by Petri e. My own
copy (revised), complete squeezes and photographs.
Sss&a U.— Prisse, Man. mg n Ph xiii. Petrih, Hand-
copy. My own hand-copy (revised) and revision of this
by SteindortT Photographs by Steindorff and myself.
My most serious indebtedness therefore is to Professor
Petrie for his copy of F and to Pr rffefl M ff Steindorff for his
generous contribution of negatives for use and puhlica
tion, his revision *>f Plate xxv., an«i general support of the
enterprise. Plates xxxiii. (vertical lines), xxvi., xxix.-
xxxii. are published from tracings of squeezes.
In the collation no not lee has been taken of the different
ways of writing I, m t w, pa, or the plural.
• " Fourteenth day " in Q. In U the date is written in
reverse direction (Plate xxxiv., where U should be read for
N), an Egyptian device for calling attention to a passage.
30Q Vol. ii., p. 15. But probably the true explanation
is that M Father mine " was the original meaning of this
group, but became a standing epithet, used whore ^ mine"
is inappropriate. The suffix of the first person singular is
written with the royal sign, because it refers to the King.
™ « Hor, Horizon-god," or later " (P)Ra-Hor (t.e. the Sun-
88
THE KOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKXA.
the Horizon J (in his name of The Li^ht whirh is in Atett]
who giveth l life for ever and eternity, | lv Living Aton f Great,
In ^festival,* within the temple of Aton in Akhetaton, 3
| l Liveth the Horus M Strong Bull, Beloved of Aton " ; The
Two mistresses, * " Great in Sovereignty in Akliet aton " ; the
Golden Horus " Upholding the name of Aton * \ the King of
Upper and Lower Egypt, " Living in Truth, Lord of the Two
lands (Beauty of the Forms of Re, Unique one of He J " ; the
Sonof Re, " Living in Troth, Lord of diadems f Akhenaton I s
Great in his duration.]- Who giveth life for ever and ever."
The Good God, B Unique one of Re, Whose beauties Aton
created, Truly pious of heart to his Maker, 7 Contenting
Him with the pleasures of His £a, H Doing services to Him
that formed him, | 3 Presenting the earth to Him • that
put him on His throne, Provisioning His House of
Eternity 1N with millions and myriads of things, Up-
holding Aton, Magnifying His name, Causing the earth to
belong to his Maker— the King f N. J |* [A. I
(and) The hereditary (?)-prineess, Great in the palaee,
Fair of face, Beauteous with the double plume, Mistress of
happiness, Endowed with favours, at hearing whose voice
one 11 rejoices, Chief wife of the King, beloved hy him T
Mistress of the fcwo lands, 1 - f Beauty of the beauties of Aton
Neferteit I, Living for ever and eternity, 13
f On this day (Royalty) was in Akhetaton in the parti-
coloured pavilion 14 made for his Majesty L.P.H. in
Horus), Horizon -god/ 7 is the name of the sun-god of
Htdiopolis.
1 Or li to whom is granted."
I Apparently meaning " celebrating (his own) Jubilee/'
which the sun-god might be supposed to do unceasingly,
3 Meaning " Horizon of Aton.* 1
4 Tlie king is identified with the vulture, goddess of the
South, and the cobra, goddess of the North.
* Meaning " Pious (i) to Aton/'
« " Liveth the good God/ 1 Q, IT.
7 A substitutes "Doing services to Him that formed
him," omitting this phrase where it occurs l>e!ow.
8 "That which his h* loveth." R.
9 Or perhaps "administering the earth for Him."
l *> " House of Eternity " is a phrase for the endowment
estate of tomb or tentpl<>.
II The indefinite pronoun probably, as elsewhere, refers
to the King.
*■ " Regent of tho South and North Lands/ 1 U.
13 B. substitutes " Who is hale, blooming, and strong for
|e|. Oft VL, xxvii,
14 Proliably variegated mat. work or the like is meant ;
Or possibly " tent of spreading."
Akhetaton, the name of which is "The Aton is well-
pleased." His Majesty (L.P.H.) ascended a span of horses
and a great chariot | fl of electrum, 16 like Aton when he
rises from the horizon and fills the two lands with his love \
(and) started a goodly course 16 to Akhetaton, (as ?) on the
first occasion 17 that his Majesty L.P.H. found it, 1 * to
demarcate (?) l9 it as a monument to the Aton — even as ] 7
his father (Hor-Aton I who giveth life for ever and eternity,
had given command to make a monument to him within it
— causing to be offered *° a great oblation of bread, beer,
horned bulls, pilled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense,
all goodly herbs, on the day |* of demarcating Akhetaton
for the living Aton, who aeoepted, favoured, and loved the
Sovereign {L.P.H.) for (I) the King (¥7j[ (aT|
And his Majesty (LRH.) went | 9 southward and halted
on his chariot before his Father T Hor-Aton J at the south-
east mountain of Akhetaton,* 1 and Aton radiated | hJ upon
him in life and length-of-days (?)/- 2 invigorating his body
every day.
An oath pronounced by the king f N. 1 f A. 1 : —
" As Father |" ( Hor Aton J liveth, as my heart is happy
IB the Queen and her children— as to whom, may it be
granted that the chief wife of the King f Neferteit | living
for ever and ever, grow aged ] V1 with that multitude of
years, 23 she being in the hand of Pharaoh (L.P.H.), and
may it be granted that the king's daughter Merita-ton and
the king's daughter Meketaton, her children, grow old,
(}nv being in the hand of the chief wife of the king, | t3
their mother, eternally for ev< r !
1B Meaning, of course, " rode on a two-horse chariot/'
16 Or " took the goodly road " ; the idea must be that
the royal tent was pitched in the plain of Akhetaton and
the King now goes to the city itself in which the temple of
Aton was.
17 A difficult passage, unless the word "as* ? may be
supplied.
18 lit. "on the first occasion of finding it, which II. M .
did."
19 This seems to be the original meaning of the wort I,
but a dedication" may be more exact here.
30 It is not clear whether the sacrifice wai on the
previous occasion, or the present.
21 It is not certain whether this means the southernmost
hill-side on the east bank of the river where J is, or the
hills which lie south-east of the city, near the tablets
P, Q, R, &
22 Or "the rays of Aton were upon him in life and
j°y(fy" ^ ne scu ^P tor °^ ** nas ma ^ e mistakes here ;.ini
left the signs in confusion,
- :I •/.*•■. the years pmnted by Aton, The prayer seems to
be thai King) Queen ami children may all live long
together (in each other's hands),
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
33
" My oath of truth, which it is my desire to pronounce, 1
and of which I will not say, ** it is false" eternally for
ever : —
** The southern tablet, which is on the eastern mountain
of Akhetaton. ] u It is the tablet of AJchetaton, (namely)
this (one) by which a I have made 3 halt : I will not pass
beyond it * southwards, eternally j 1 * for ever. Make the
south-west tablet opposite it on the western mountain of
Akhetaton, exactly,
" The middle tablet, which is on the eastern mountain of
Akhetaton, It is the tablet of Akhetaton by which I have
made | 16 halt on the orient 6 mountain of Akhetaton : I
will not pass beyond it orient-wards, eternally for 9V«f,
Make the middle tablet which is {to be?) on the western
mountain of Akhetaton opposite it exactly.* 1
"The north-eastern tablet | 1 ' of Akhetaton, by which I
have made halt. It is the northern tablet of Akhetaton :
I will not pass beyond it down-stream -wards, eternally for
ever. Make the north 7 tablet which is (to be ?) on the
western mountain of Akhetaton opposite it, exactly.
| lg " And Akhetaton (extends) from the south tablet as
far as the north tablet, measured between tablet and
tablet on the east mountain of Akhetaton, amounting bo
6 titer t h and \ of a khe and 4 cubits'*; likewise from the
1 Petrie's earlier copy of J shows the same text as U
without omission.
2 Read r — p^-i in V; the other texts afford no
evidence.
ik I will make" would be a possible translation.
* From the earlier decree it is evident that Akhenaton
does not bind himself to remain personally within the
limit, but only not to increase the territory of Akhetaton.
h A word from the root meaning " sunrise," used for
" east " only in these texts of Akhenaton.
* Of the texts on the west bank, F is destroyed, and A
is very fragmentary ; but B, which must have been the
tablet here referred to, gives the following special varia-
tion, " Make (?) the middle tablet which is on the western
mountain (?) of Akhetaton opposite it upon the western
mountain of Akhetaton : I will not pass beyond it west-
wards eternally for ever."
1 So S. B seems to read M west," the others " [north]-
west,"
1 The <tt* r is the equivalent of the Greek schoetnw, the
length of wliich is still uncertain ; the khe is the tc-hoemum
of a hundred cubits. According to Professor Petrie's map
{Tell tl Amarnt.it PL xxxiv. ; see also this volume, PI.
xxxiv.), the distance between the earlier stelae X and K
gives almost 4000 cubits to the ater t and the distance X-J
would give this to within a few cubits. It is to be hoped
that a precise measurement will be taken, On the west
bank the distance A to F seems to correspond precisely
to X to P, A being UjU|>odtfi X, 1 1 flff M MJ t fl V, F opposite P.
Thus measured, the length is considerably greater, giving
south-west tablet of Akhetaton to the north-west tablet on
the west mountain of Akhetaton, amounting to 6 ater\\ 19
J and J of a khe and 4 cubits, likewise exactly.
" And the \ m area within these four tablets, from the
east mountain to the west mountain is Akhetaton in its
proper self 9 : it belongs to Father f Hor-Aton J — mountains,
| al deserts, meadows, islands, upper-ground, lower-ground,
land, water, villages, embankments, men, beasts, groves,
and all things (-- which the Aton my father shall (?) bring
into existence eternally for ever. 10
M I will not neglect this oath which I have made to the
Aton my father eternally for ever ; nay, but \ n it shall
be set on a tablet of stone as the south-east boundary, 11
likewise as the north-east boundary of Akhetaton, and shall
fa set likewise on a tablet of stone as the south-west
boundary, likewise as the north-west 12 boundary J 14 of
Akhetaton. It shall not be erased, it shall not be washed
out, it shall not be kicked, it shall not be struck with stones,
its spoiling (I) shall not be brought about. If it be missing, 13
if it be spoilt, if | 2& the stela on which it is shall
fall, I will renew it again afresh in the place in which
it was."
This oath was repeated in year 8, first month of the
second season, eighth day. 14 | afi Royalty was in Akhet-
about 4500 cubits to the ater* The wording " the south
tablet as far as the north tablet ■ . . on the east moun-
tain," as opposed to the " south-west tablet " and " north-
west tablet," imply that the measurement on the east bank
is taken on the river (X to J), not in the desert (X to P).
9 S qqq (^ anc * ^) *' * n re S ar ^ to *** body n i perhaps
11 bodily," u exactly," B seems to read ** from the west
mountain to the east mountain of{?) Akhetaton*" The
*w*v> before the name of Akhetaton is probably a mistake.
10 In S was omitted by the sculptor, and had to be
written over (Plate xxxix.).
11 B reads " of Akhetaton ; likewise on the middle
tablet which is on (?) the [east] boundary [of] Akhetaton ;
likewise on (?) the north-east boundary of Akhetaton ;
likewise [on ?] the sou th- west boundary of Akhetaton ;
likewise on the middle tablet on the west mountain of
AJchetaton ; likewise on (?) the [north]-west boundary of
Akhetaton,"
13 B appears to give only "west," U "north [west]," the
others have lost the passage. S seems to give only room
for ** likewise [the north-west] of Akhetaton/'
With
wlih, whirh compare gOTg6 M abortus,"
With the sense cavern alwo in the hymns.
14 The texts generally agree in this date, but F (Petri k)
F
34
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
aton, and Pharaoh L.P.H. stood, mounted l on a great
chariot of electrum, inspecting the tablets 2 of the Aton
which are on the mountain 3 as the south-east boundary of
Akhetaton. 4
On A, B, there is added :
Year 8, fourth month of the first season, last day. 5
An oath pronounced by King ( N. 1 f A. 1 at the fixing of
the tablets of [the] boundary of Akhetaton : —
1 As Father I Hor- Aton j liveth :
CID '' and B gives the curious date of the
" sixth year, first (?) month of second season, day 4."
1 The sculptor of S omitted - u,
and had to insert it
3 There were by this time many tablets for the south-
east boundary. S reads probably for l as on the other
tablets.
3 S has a larger space, perhaps originally left vacant.
F reads " on the east mountain as the south (?) boundary."
4 B fills up the line with " for the Father, the living
Aton," and * with p = ] 1^ Jofc^lX
^"r^ I A "established to eternity and for ever, for
the living Aton."
5 Read A (J (J ^^ For the rest of the date,
which is quite clear, I have Petrie's support.
" The six 6 tablets which I have fixed for boundaries of
Akhetaton (are) the three tablets upon the orient moun-
tain of Akhetaton together with the three tablets opposite
them ; [the south stela which is upon] the orient mountain
of Akhetaton measured to the south stela which is opposite
to it upon the western mountain of Akhetaton, becoming
the south boundary of Akhetaton; and the north tablet
which is on the orient mountain of Akhetaton, measured
to the north (?) tablet, which is opposite [to it upon] the
western mountain of Akhetaton, becoming the northern
boundary of Akhetaton ; likewise the middle tablet which
is upon the eastern mountain of Akhetaton measured to
the middle tablet which is opposite it upon the western
mountain of Akhetaton.
"And the breadth of Akhetaton is from mountain to
mountain, from the eastern horizon of heaven to the
western horizon of heaven.
" It shall be 7 for Father f Hor- Aton j, its mountains (?),
its deserts, .... its fowl, all its people, all its cattle, all
things which the Aton produces, on which his rays shine,
all things [which ?] are in the of Akhetaton,
[they?] being for the Father, the living Aton, unto the
temple of Aton in Akhetaton for ever eternally ; they are
all offered to his ka, and his rays are beauteous when they
receive them." 8
6 A seems to read " ^ve" B " six " ; the latter is what
is required.
A/WVW I "
8 The rays of Aton in the scenes end in hands which
reach out to the offerings.
85
INDEX.
PAGES
Administration of Egypt ..... 5
PAGES
"Chancellor" 4,13,16
"Agent" 17
Ahmbs ........ 5
Chairs ... ... 8, 10
Chariot 10, 21, 28, 32, 34
Akhenaten, age of . . 30
Charioteer ...... 9, 10
„ depicted (see " Royal Family ").
„ titulary of . . . 20, 22, 27, 28, 32
Akhetaten, foundation of 20, 28, 29, 32
Chronology 4, 5, 9, 20, 28
Colonnades . . . . . . 3, 6, 14
Colour 4, 7, 8, 10, 32
„ island of 21, 30
Columns 1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13 14
„ laudation of . .16
„ measurements of 33, 34
"Companion" 4,16,29
Cornices 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14
Alliteration 16, 33
Costume 10, 23, 24, 26
Altars . . . . 2, 7, 8, 10, 22, 23, 26, 27
Amenhetep II. . . . .9
Animal-worship ....... 30
ankhk8-en-pa-aten .24
Any 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 17
Daressy, M. 1, 6, 9, 11, 15, 24, 27, 28, 31
Dated events . . 4, 20, 21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34
De Brynestyn 26, 27
" Divine fathers of Aten " . . . . 21, 30
„ wife of . . . . . . 8, 9
Any-men . 10
Dy hetep seten prayers . . . . 11, 16, 17, 18
Apy 13
Erasures 1, 2, 5, 10, 22, 25, 33
Artists, work of Egyptian . . . .3, 23, U6
Aten, addressed as "Father" . . .31
" Erpa-prince " 4,13,16
Et Til, island of 30
„ adoration of
1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
Exaggerated forms . • . . . 23, 26
Excavations . . . 1, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25
„ cartouches of .7, 9, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32
„ hymn to . . . . . . .7
„ temples of . . 7, 9, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34
Ater, value of ....... 34
AY 2, 11, 21
Fire in tombs ....... 1
Flowers (see also " Bouquets ") . 10, 11, 26, 29
Garden depicted ....... 3
Gildeh, Stela of 24
Banquet of the dead . . . 8, 9, 10, 11
Barsanti, M 1, 6, 9
"Bearer of the fan" . . . . 4, 5, 14, 17, 18
Graffiti 4, 7
Griffith, Mr 28
Biography 4, 5, 7
Bouquets 3, 7, 9, 10, 1 1
Bouriant, M 1, 18
"fla-prince" 4,13,16
Ha-nebu, the 29
Hawata, Stelae of ...... 24
Breasted, Professor 1, 4, 5, 28
Burial-chamber . 2, 8, 13
Heliopolis (see also " On ") . . . 5, 21, 30, 32
, Heryt 30
,, shaft 8, 12
Burials,, secondary . . 1, 8, 14
Cabins . . . . . . 3, 4
I High-priest 21, 30
i Horus, horizon-god . . . . 31, 32
" House of Rejoicing " 30
Ceilings, decoration of . . . . . L 2. 4, 8
Ink designs . . . 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15
36
INDEX.
Inset stones
Island " Aton distinguished in J ubilees "
Jubilee (see " Serf-festival ").
Karnak
Kiosks
Kush
Lacau, M. .
Lamps, niches for
Later remains
Loggia
May" .
„ tomb of
Meketaten
Mensuration
Meryra
Merytaten
Mnevis-bull
Mummies
Museum, Cairo
„ Melbourne
MUTBENRET
PAGES
6, 23, 24, 25, 26
30
. 3,9
. 3
21, 31
9, 11
. 8
1, 8, 12, 14, 24
. 3
, 2,3,4,5, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17
. 1,2,3,4
21, 23, 24, 25, 32
. 33
8, 17, 21
23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32
21,30
. 1
7, 9, 14, 26
26, 27
1, 2, 14
Nebwawi ...
Neferteit (see " Nefertiti "
Nefertiti (see also " Queen,"
Nekht-pa-aten .
Netting
Nubia
Oars .
Officials
„ promotion of
On (see also " Heliopolis ";
Ostraca of El Amarna
" Overseer of Cattle "
" Overseer of Porters "
" Overseer of Soldiery "
11 Overseer of the house of Aa-kheperu-ra "
" Overseer of the house of Sehetep-Aten "
" Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra "
" Overseer of the Treasury " .
" Overseer of works "
Ox, sacrificial
3,
10
" Royal Family ") 2, 28, 30
5, 12, 13
3
21
4,
5,9,1
4, 15 :
4,
Pa-aten-em-heb .
Pakha
Palace of Akhenaten
3
2,29
4,5
4,5
5,20
4,5
15
, 16, 17, 18
7,9
4, 5, 16, 17
4, 5, 18
14, 17
5, 9, 15, 18
10
5, 11, 15
. 9
3, 4, 5, 6, 20, 21, 30
Para .
Parapet
Petrie, Professor .
Pilasters
Portals
„ with double cornice
Port-holes .
Porticoes
Portraiture .
Pottery
Prayers
pages
9
14,
15, 19, 20,
24, 28, 31, 33, 34
2, 6, 13, 14
1, 7, 8, 10, 13
. 2, 13, 14
4
6, 14
8, 9, 10, 11
. 12, 13, 14
2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17
Princesses (see " Royal Family ").
Ptahmay 9, 10, 11
Queen (see also " Nefertiti " ; " Royal Family ")
4, 16, 17, 18, 26, 30, 31, 32
„ laudation of . . . . 4, 28, 32
sister of (see also " Mutbenret ")
shortened name of
Ra, " shade " of
„ temple of
Rahes
Re-neheh .
Bekhyt, the .
Rewards, royal
Ribbons
Roads to tombs
Royal barges
" Royal Chancellor "
Royal family 1, 2, 3,
„ head-dress .
„ oath .
"Royal Scribe" .
Royal statues
„ tomb
Sailors depicted .
" Scribe of Recruits "
" Scribe of the King" (i
"Scribe of the Altar"
" Scribe of the Offering
Scribes depicted .
5cd-festival
" Servant " (sedem ash)
"Shade of Ra" .
Shipping depicted
Shrines
Sistruins
Smith, Dr. Elliot .
" Sole Companion "
1,14
. 20, 25, 30
30
4,5
5, 13
2
16
3, 10
4
6,10,21,27
3,5
4, 16
, 5, 7, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32
. 3, 23, 26
21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34
1, 2, 7, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18
23, 24, 25, 26, 27
20, 21, 22, 27, 30
" Royal Scribe
Table"
4,5
")•
t
7
. 10
4, 15, 30, 31, 32
. 10, 11, 17
. 30
. 3
2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14
22, 23, 25, 26, 27
. 30
4, 16
INDEX.
87
PAGES
Stairs 2, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 24
Statues . . . 2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
" Steward " (see " Overseer of the house ")
" Steward of the Lord of the two Lands " . .15
Steindorff, Professor .... 24, 25, 28, 31
Sutau
Tablets held by statues
Tablets, votive .
Tackle of ships .
Taia (Tyi), Queen
Tent of King
Thay
Thebes
14, 17
. 23, 26, 27
6, 9, 10, 11, 16
Thothmes IV.
Tombs, Northern #roup of
„ corridor .
TO-MKRA
Tuneh-el-Gebel, Stela of
Tutu
Ua-en-ra .
Unfinished decorations .
„ tombs
PAGES
9,31
6, 7, 21, 27
8, 14
. 29
23, 25, 27
4, 5, 16, 17, 18, 28, 32
. 3, 8, 12, 14, 18
2, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20
'Vizier" 13
30
32
10
20 Windows
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DCKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, 8.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W.
PLATES.
NOTE.
An index to the passages of the text which are explanatory of the several plates
will be found on pp. vii., viii.
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